This was only possible because these were independent city states not ruled by a duke but a council of influential citizens.

In 1401, duke William of Guelders donated the Hoenwaard to the citizens of Hattem, in order to feed their cattle and to manufacture bricks for their houses.

This practice was only possible, because these independent city states were not ruled by a duke but a council of influential citizens.

In 1204 Domald was comes ( duke ) of Zadar, but the following year ( 1205 ) Venetian authority was re-established and a peace agreement signed with hard conditions for the citizens.

Jan's cruel measures had provoked the resistance of the Głogów citizens, and in 1488 the troops of King Matthias Corvinus appeared at the city gates and expelled the duke.

In 1388 they were granted a charter by Vytautas, under which they formed a class of freemen subject in all criminal cases directly to the jurisdiction of the grand duke and his official representatives, and in petty suits to the jurisdiction of local officials on an equal footing with the lesser nobles ( szlachta ), boyars, and other free citizens.

The popular image of the duke in later years was strongly influenced by propaganda surrounding the Armada, including an English account which claimed that the Duke of Medina Sidonia was a fool and a coward who hid below decks in a specially reinforced room.

While this meant that offices, such as emperor, king, and elector could only be legally occupied by one dynast at a time, holders of such other titles as duke, margrave, landgrave, count palatine, and prince could only differentiate themselves by adding the name of their appanage to the family's original title.

The origin of the Bindenschild has not been conclusively established, it possibly derived from the Styrian margraves of the Otakar noble family, who themselves may have adopted the colours from the descendants of the Carinthian duke Adalbero ( ruled 1011 – 1035 ), a scion of the House of Eppenstein extinct in 1122.

The fathers continued to devote themselves to the subjugation of the Hussites, and they also intervened, in rivalry with the pope, in the negotiations between France and England which led to the treaty of Arras, concluded by Charles VII of France with the duke of Burgundy.

Additionally, other houses of Europe may style themselves as " grand duke " even if they are not wholly recognized as such by rest of the society.

Since 1461, when the great-grandson of the first duke became King Edward IV, not one of the ten subsequent holders of the title has ever passed it on: they either died without male heirs or became King themselves.

The prince and his brother the duke of York prove themselves to be extremely intelligent and charismatic characters, boldly defying and outsmarting Richard and openly mocking him.

Duke Xiao was also the last ruler of Qin to be addressed as " duke " (), as his successors titled themselves " kings " ().

Without consulting the diplomatically astute Calvert, the prince and the duke travelled to Spain to negotiate the Spanish marriage for themselves, with disastrous results.

Even as the first blow fell upon the duke, those who counted themselves connoisseurs of the headman's art knew the axe had missed its mark.

The historian Panigarola, who was with Charles, claimed that the garrison had thrown themselves on the mercy of the duke, and it was up to his discretion of what to do with them.

At insignificant cost to themselves, the Swiss had humiliated the greatest duke in Europe, defeated one of the most feared armies, and taken a most impressive amount of treasure.

As the Lorrainian ducal dignity was contested by the mighty Counts of Leuven, landgraves of Brabant, Waleran's descendants confined themselves to a " duke of Limburg ", and reached the confirmation by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1165.

The sovereigns who had made him duke and grandee shrank from covering themselves with ridicule by revealing the way in which they had been deceived.

The historian Panigarola, who was with Charles, claimed that the garrison had thrown themselves on the mercy of the duke, and it was up to his discretion of what to do with them.

At insignificant cost to themselves, the Swiss had humiliated the greatest duke in Europe, defeated one of the most feared armies, and taken a most impressive amount of treasure.

When the duke Gauthier was killed, Isabella's mother Jeanne de Châtillon ( died 1354 ), daughter of count of Porcien, may have tried to hold the Acropolis of Athens against the attacking Catalans, but eventually surrendered it.

Under the duke were three aristocratic families, whose heads bore the title of viscount and held hereditary positions in the Lu bureacracy.

In 973, shortly before the death of emperor Otto I the Great, a Reichstag ( Imperial Convention ) was held at the imperial court in which Mieszko, duke of Poland, and Boleslav, duke of Bohemia, as well as numerous other nobles from as far away as Byzantium and Bulgaria, gathered to pay homage to the emperor.

One member of the great council was elected " Doge ", or duke, the ceremonial head of the city, who normally held the title until his death.

Although some sort of formal assembly probably was held, it is unlikely that any debate took place, as the duke had by then established control over his nobles, and most of those assembled would have been anxious to secure their share of the rewards from the conquest of England.

The duke of Milan, Ludovico il Moro Sforza ( 1452 – 1508 ), agreed to the marriage, which was held in the presence of Leonardo da Vinci, and encouraged the launch of the new cake-like bread: Pan de Toni ( or Toni's bread ).

The German princes refused to give the crown to his nephew, the duke of Swabia, for fear he would try to regain the imperial power held by Henry V. Instead, they chose Lothair III ( 1125 – 1137 ), who found himself embroiled in a long-running dispute with the Hohenstaufens, and who married into the Welfs.

The title is ranked below duke, which was mostly restricted to the royal family and those that were held in high enough esteem to be granted such a title.

As the seat of the duke of Orléans, this city held symbolic significance in early fifteenth century politics.

He also held the titles of marquis of Saluzzo, duke of Montferrat, prince of Piedmont, count of Aosta, Moriana and Nizza.

The last Piast duke was Bolko II of Świdnica, and after his death in 1368 land was held by his wife until 1392 ; after her death they were incorporated into the lands of Bohemia by Wenceslaus, King of the Romans.

The count palatine in Bavaria, an office held by the family of Wittelsbach, became duke of this land, the lower comital title being then merged into the higher ducal one.

The title of " king " ( wang, 王 ) was held by figurehead rulers of the Zhou Dynasty, while the rulers of most states held the title of " duke " ( gong, 公 ) or " marquess " ( hou, 侯 ).

The countship was subsequently held by Louis de Bourbon, the younger son of John and Marie, and by his descendants up to Charles de Bourbon-Montpensier, the famous constable, who became duke of Bourbon by his marriage with his cousin, Suzanne de Bourbon, in 1505.

" At a meeting of the German naturalists held at Jena some years afterwards, Professor Kieser gave an account of Oken's discovery in the presence of the grand duke, which is printed in the Tageblatt, or " proceedings ,” of that meeting.

The speech which he delivered on 14 March 1809, in answer to the charges of Colonel Wardle, was regarded as the most able and ingenious defence of the duke that was made in the debate ; and Croker was appointed to the office of secretary to the Admiralty, which he held without interruption under various administrations for more than twenty years.

He led the remainder of his Brunswick troops to a review by Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, who had become duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel in 1780, while the army was being held captive in the United States.

Carlo Emanuele, duke of Savoy, who had held back from the treaty, was defeated by Henry IV in 1599.

He is widely held to have been in the royal service of John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, the fourth son of Henry IV and brother of Henry V. As such he may have stayed in France for some time, since the duke was Regent of France from 1423 to 1429, and then Governor of Normandy from 1429 to his death in 1435.

Przemysł held a secret meeting and according to the Treaty of Kępno ( 1282 ), he was co-ruler with Mestwin II, duke of Pomerelia or Eastern Pomerania.

Aggressive politics ran Wenceslaus III into conflict with the King of Hungary, Maciej Korwin ( Matthias Corvinus or Matthias I ), who overran the land and held the duke in captivity until his death ).

The duke also held the title Baron Ferrers of Groby ( 1300 ).

As duke of Södermanland, the appanage held by his father before becoming king, Carl Philip was expected to eventually take up residence in its capital town, Nyköping.

Trzebnica itself was first mentioned in a 1138 deed, then held by the Polish voivode Peter Wlast and later seized by the Silesian duke Władysław II the Exile.