The earliest Greek word for a statue is " delight " ( άγαλμα: agalma ), and the sculptors tried to create forms which would inspire such guiding vision.

Its earliest members included noted scientists like William Crookes, and philosophers such as Henry Sidgwick and William James.

Throughout European history, philosophers such as Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas, among others, contemplated the possibility that souls exist in animals, plants, and people ; however, the currently accepted definition of animism was only developed in the 19th century by Sir Edward Tylor, who created it as " one of anthropology's earliest concepts, if not the first ".

Alemannic runic inscriptions such as those on the Pforzen buckle are among the earliest testimonies of Old High German.

Many cultures have built devices that travel through the air, from the earliest projectiles such as stones and spears, the boomerang in Australia, the hot air Kongming lantern, and kites.

As a result of this work, many of the questions such as which families represent the earliest branches of angiosperms have now been answered.

Although not normally thought of as biotechnology, agriculture clearly fits the broad definition of " using a biotechnological system to make products " such that the cultivation of plants may be viewed as the earliest biotechnological enterprise.

Companies such as Green Knight and Pagan Publishing earliest works were built to support Chaosium's games.

File: Mosaic2-plw. jpg | Room 49-Hinton St Mary Mosaic, Roman Britain, circa 4th century ( one of the earliest representations of Christ and the only such portrait on a mosaic floor from anywhere in the Roman Empire )

The earliest bestiary in the form in which it was later popularized was an anonymous 2nd century Greek volume called the Physiologus, which itself summarized ancient knowledge and wisdom about animals in the writings of classical authors such as Aristotle's Historia Animalium and various works by Herodotus, Pliny the Elder, Solinus, Aelian and other naturalists.

# Alchemy in Greco-Roman Egypt 642 CE, the earliest Western alchemists such as Mary the Jewess, Cleopatra the Alchemist, and Zosimos of Panopolis described early laboratory equipment.

Some of the earliest examples of this technology implemented input / output processing such as direct memory access as a separate thread from the computation thread.

The earliest descriptions of a global communications network came long before the World Wide Web entered popular awareness, though not before traditional science-fiction writers such as Arthur C. Clarke and some social commentators such as James Burke began predicting that such networks would eventually form.

This idea came from common law, and the earliest conception of a criminal act involved events of such major significance that the " State " had to usurp the usual functions of the civil tribunals, and direct a special law or privilegium against the perpetrator.

He gave a series of lectures on unit operations at the Manchester Technical School ( University of Manchester today ) in 1887, considered to be one of the earliest such about chemical engineering.

From the earliest times knights and mounted men-at-arms had frequently dismounted to handle enemies they could not overcome on horseback, such as in the Battle of the Dyle ( 891 ) and the Battle of Bremule ( 1119 ), but after 1350s this trend became more marked with the dismounted men-at-arms fighting as super-heavy infantry with two-handed swords and poleaxes.

Cy Young's career is seen as a bridge from baseball's earliest days to its modern era ; he pitched against stars such as Cap Anson, already an established player when the National League was first formed in 1876, as well as against Eddie Collins, who played until 1930.

The earliest radiocarbon determinations obtained from key sites such as Oakbank in Loch Tay or Redcastle, Beauly Firth approach the Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age transition at their widest interpretation at 2 sigma or 95. 4 % probability, falling after c. 800BC and therefore could only be considered Late Bronze Age by the narrowest of margins.

The first known reference to one was by Johann Speth in 1693 and the earliest such extant signed and dated clavichord was built in 1716 by Johann Michael Heinitz.

This practice is an application of the belief that not all who claim to be Christians are part of the Catholic Church, as Ignatius of Antioch, the earliest known writer to use the term " Catholic Church ", considered that certain heretics who called themselves Christians only seemed to be such.

Defoe is notable for being one of the earliest proponents of the novel, as he helped to popularise the form in Britain, and, along with others such as Richardson, is among the founders of the English novel.

As such the book offered one of the earliest published versions of the Stab-in-the-back legend.

The earliest use of the river for such economic activities was the shipping of furs for trade as early as the 17th century.

However, now that the archeological archives and research results of the former USSR are open to scientists, it has become quite clear that the primal sighthound type evolved between the Kyrgyzstan, the lower Kazakhstan part of Altai and the Afghan plains, and that the earliest actual sighthound breeds were the plains Afghan hounds and the Kyrgyz Taigan.

The very earliest digital synthesis experiments were made with general-purpose computers, as part of academic research into sound generation.

* 2004 American research study on interstitial cystitis history — earliest known descriptions of bladder inflammation and interstitial cystitis

The UMC stands in " opposition to the creation of embryos for the sake of research " as " a human embryo, even at its earliest stages, commands our reverence.

He also investigated the use of lenses as projectors and should be credited as the earliest inventor, developer and designer of the Magic Lantern rather than German scholar Athanasius Kircher who merely used much of Huygens research ( often quite inaccurately ) to document and publish on the subject.

The concept behind translation memories is not recent — university research into the concept began in the late 1970s, and the earliest commercializations became available in the late 1980s — but they became commercially viable only in the late 1990s.

Some of the earliest research into controlled single-crystal growth of cubic zirconia occurred in 1960s France, much work being done by Y. Roulin and R. Collongues.

His rocket research was some of the earliest in the United States, and his pioneering work in the development of solid fuel and the invention of JATO units for aircraft was of great importance to the start of humanity's space age.

Many of the earliest instruments used for monitoring the space environment were and are research spacecraft which were re-purposed or jointly purposed for space weather applications and forecasting.

Martin Hall writes that the history of Iron Age research south of the Zambezi shows the prevalent influence of colonial ideologies, both in the earliest speculations about the nature of the African past and in the adaptations that have been made to contemporary archeological methodologies.

It is unknown when the first spectacles were made, but the British scientist and historian Sir Joseph Needham stated in his research that the ancient Chinese invented the earliest eyeglasses 1000 years ago and were also mentioned by the Venetian Marco Polo in his account of his travels in ancient China.

At the same time Lindemann was laying the foundation for the study of grief and dysfunctional grieving, Alexandra Adler was working with more than 500 survivors of the fire and conducting some of the earliest research on post-traumatic stress disorder.

Djarthia had been identified as the earliest known australidelphian, and this research suggested that the monito del monte was the last of a clade which included Djarthia.

Considered one of the earliest and most influential speech pathologists in the field, he spent most of his life trying to find the cause and cure for stuttering -- through teaching, research, scholarly and other writing, lecturing, supervision of graduate students, and persuading K-12 schools, the Veterans Administration and other institutions of the need for speech pathologists.

While many species have been classified in the genus Iguanodon, dating from the late Jurassic Period to the late Cretaceous Period of Asia, Europe, and North America, research in the first decade of the 21st century suggests that there is only one well-substantiated species: I. bernissartensis, which lived from the late Barremian to the earliest Aptian ages ( Early Cretaceous ) in Belgium and possibly elsewhere in Europe, between about 126 and 125 million years ago.

One of the earliest findings of the massive research on which the theory is based is that the vast majority of problems that require inventive solutions typically reflect a need to overcome a dilemma or a trade-off between two contradictory elements.

Micro-sociology courses at the University of Chicago were among the earliest and most prominent courses on urban sociological research in the United States.

" The latter term is now used more frequently in business settings while " text mining " is used in some of the earliest application areas, dating to the 1980s, notably life-sciences research and government intelligence.

One of the earliest research journals is the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, created in the 17th century.

However, Schaaf in " Schwarzwalduhren " ( Black Forest Clocks ) ( 1995 ), provides his own research which leads to the earliest cuckoos being in the " Franken-Niederbayern " area ( East of Germany ), in the direction of Bohemia ( a region of the Czech Republic ), which he notes, lends credence to the Steyrer version.

Among the earliest research journals were the Proceedings of meetings of the Royal Society in the 17th century.

Benjamin Peirce is often regarded as the earliest American scientist whose research was recognized as world class.

Very important for the archaeological research are considered the rich villas that were excavated in the aristocratic suburb of the city located in the eastern part of the north hill since there was found some of the earliest floor mosaics in Greek art.

He is one of the earliest and most prolific developers of online research resources for the field of Buddhist Studies, being the founder and managing editor of both the Digital Dictionary of Buddhism and the H-Buddhism Scholars Information Network, along with having digitized and published numerous reference works.

However, the earliest written documentation comes from the arrival of European explorers on the American continent, and the earliest academic research comes from the late 19th century.