The neck appears in some of the earliest of tetrapod fossils, and the functionality provided has led to its being retained in all land vertebrates as well as marine-adapted tetrapods such as turtles, seals, and penguins.

There is little evidence that any of the earliest tetrapods could move about on land, as their limbs could not have held their midsections off the ground and the known trackways do not indicate that they dragged their bellies around.

Research by Jennifer A. Clack and her colleagues showed that the earliest tetrapods, such as Acanthostega, were wholly aquatic and quite unsuited to life on land.

These earliest tetrapods were not terrestrial.

The skulls of the earliest tetrapods closely resembled those of their ancestors amongst the lobe-finned fishes.

Water was also still a requirement, because the gel-like eggs of the earliest terrestrial tetrapods couldn't survive out of water, so reproduction could not occur without it.

Anatomically, Eusthenopteron shares many unique features in common with the earliest known tetrapods.

It also had labyrinthodont teeth, characterized by infolded enamel, which characterizes all of the earliest known tetrapods as well.

Those modern scholars who urge that we must keep in mind the fundamental continuity of Aegean development from earliest times -- granted occasional irruptions of peoples and ideas from outside -- are correct ; ;

My own earliest memories are of exiles: my three brothers and I were taken often to the United States `` to visit relatives '' while my father stayed on to fight the dictator Machado.

The earliest known texts in a Turkic language are the Orkhon inscriptions, of which the earliest dates from around 720 AD and the latest from 735 AD ( Miller 1971: 3 ).

The earliest historical records of Anatolia stem from the south east of the region, and are from the Mesopotamian based Akkadian Empire during the reign of Sargon of Akkad in the 24th century BC.

Beginning with the earliest explorations and excavations, researchers wrote that the Ancient Puebloans are ancestors of contemporary Pueblo peoples.

The earliest records of the study of this phenomenon are attributed to the philosopher Pythagoras in the 6th century BC.

Trees from the earliest fortifications found in Germania Inferior are dated by dendrochronology to 99 / 100.

Alemannic runic inscriptions such as those on the Pforzen buckle are among the earliest testimonies of Old High German.

Hippolytus of Rome ( d. 235 ) is commonly considered to be the earliest antipope, as he headed a separate group within the Church in Rome against Pope Callixtus I. Hippolytus was reconciled to Callixtus's second successor, Pope Pontian, and both he and Pontian are honoured as saints by the Roman Catholic Church with a shared feast day on 13 August.

The earliest remains hitherto found on the site are tombs of the early Iron Age period of Graeco-Phoenician influences ( 1000-600 B. C .).

While there are many competing claims for the earliest powered, heavier-than-air flight, the most widely-accepted date is December 17, 1903 by the Wright brothers.

Like most biblical books, there are differences between the earliest surviving manuscripts of Acts.

The manuscripts from the Western text-type ( as represented by the Codex Bezae ) and the Alexandrian text-type ( as represented by the Codex Sinaiticus ) are the earliest survivors.

While connection with Anatolian names has been suggested, the earliest attested forms of the name Artemis are the Mycenaean Greek a-te-mi-to and a-ti-mi-te, written in Linear B at Pylos.

These are the earliest anemometers and are simply a flat plate suspended from the top so that the wind deflects the plate.

The earliest evidence of settlements in the area of today's Berlin are a wooden beam dated from approximately 1192 and leftovers of wooden houseparts dated to 1174 found in a 2012 digging in Berlin Mitte.

A pair of beads made from Nassarius sea snail shells, approximately 100, 000 years old, are thought to be the earliest known examples of jewellery.

At the earliest stages of brain development, the three areas are roughly equal in size.

The earliest phases of the Big Bang are subject to much speculation.

The earliest and most direct kinds of observational evidence are the Hubble-type expansion seen in the redshifts of galaxies, the detailed measurements of the cosmic microwave background, the relative abundances of light elements produced by Big Bang nucleosynthesis, and today also the large scale distribution and apparent evolution of galaxies predicted to occur due to gravitational growth of structure in the standard theory.

Since the mid-20th century, there has been considerable debate over how the earliest forms of life evolved and how to classify them, especially at the kingdom and domain levels and organisms that are or have been considered bacteria.

The earliest parts of the book are possibly chapters 2 – 11, the story of the conquest ; more certain is that this section was then incorporated into an early form of Joshua that was part of then original Deuteronomistic history, written late in the reign of king Josiah ( reigned 640 – 609 BCE ); it seems clear that the book was not completed until after the fall of Jerusalem to the Babylonians in 586, and possibly not until after the return from the Babylonian exile late in the 6th century.

Returning boomerangs actually do fly and are examples of the earliest heavier-than-air man-made flight.

Archaeothyris and Clepsydrops, the earliest known synapsids, lived in the Pennsylvanian subperiod of the Carboniferous Period and belonged to the series of primitive synapsids which are conventionally grouped as pelycosaurs.

He published the earliest printed book of organ music in Germany and is grouped among the composers known as the Colorists.

These features are particularly prominent in three of the earliest acts, " A walk in the Garden " ( 游园 / 遊園 ), " The Interruption Of a Dream " ( 惊梦 / 驚夢 )( these two acts were grouped as a single act in the original text ) and " Reflection On the Lost Dream " ( 寻梦 / 尋夢 ), which are generally considered the apogee of Chinese kunqu for their literary achievements as well as for their musicality, choreography and the integration of all these components.

The earliest written reference to the town, under the name of Habensperch, came from this time, in around 1138.

The first authoritative knowledge of the earliest ballroom dances was recorded toward the end of the 16th century, when Jehan Tabourot, under the pen name " Thoinot-Arbeau ", published in 1588 his Orchésographie, a study of late 16th-century French renaissance social dance.

It includes the some of the earliest objects made by humans 2 million years ago ; the art and archaeology of Europe from the earliest times to the present day, including the history of Britain under Roman occupation.

( The latter prohibition took effect 1 January 1808, the earliest date on which Congress had the power to do so under Article I, Section 9 of the United States Constitution.

One of his earliest surviving works, under the guidance of his anatomy teacher, Dimitrie Gerota, is a masterfully rendered écorché ( statue of a man with skin removed to reveal the muscles underneath ) which was exhibited at the Romanian Athenaeum in 1903.

While some Celtic Christian practices were changed at the Synod of Whitby, the church in the British Isles was under papal authority from earliest times.

In ancient Japan, the earliest titles for the sovereign were either ヤマト大王 / 大君 ( yamato ōkimi, Grand King of Yamato ), 倭王 / 倭国王 ( waō / wakokuō, King of Wa, used externally ), or 治天下大王 ( amenoshita shiroshimesu ōkimi, Grand King who rules all under heaven, used internally ).

We find temples and shrines erected in his honour, e. g. at Nippur, Girsu, Ur, Babylon, Sippar, and Nineveh, and the numerous epithets given to him, as well as the various forms under which the god appears, alike bear witness to the popularity which he enjoyed from the earliest to the latest period of Babylonian-Assyrian history.

The Hanafi school was the earliest established under the jurist Imam Abu Hanifa, who was born and taught in Iraq.

According to Jordanes ’ Getica, written in the mid-6th century, the earliest migrating Goths sailed from Scandza ( Scandinavia ) under King Berig in three ships and named the place at which they landed after themselves.

His Surgical Observations on the Constitutional Origin and Treatment of Local Diseases ( 1809 ) — known as " My Book ", from the great frequency with which he referred his patients to it, and to page 72 of it in particular, under that name — was one of the earliest popular works on medical science.

These historians were generally unsympathetic to John's behaviour under Richard's rule, but slightly more positive towards the very earliest years of John's reign.

At the approximate age of twenty-two, his earliest known major professional artistic work was created, a cover for a Kabuki playbook in 1775 that was published under a pseudonym, the gō of Toyoaki.

The Ancient Library of Alexandria According to the earliest source of information, the pseudepigraphic Letter of Aristeas, the library was initially organized by Demetrius of Phaleron, a student of Aristotle, under the reign of Ptolemy I Soter ( ca. 367 BC — ca. 283 BC ).

Arab-plan or hypostyle mosques are the earliest type of mosques, pioneered under the Umayyad Dynasty.

The earliest legislative development of privacy rights began under British common law, which protected " only the physical interference of life and property.

The earliest representation of a ship under sail appears on a painted disc found in Kuwait dating to the late 5th millennium BC.

The earliest known use of the term " transubstantiation " to describe the change from bread and wine to body and blood of Christ was by Hildebert de Lavardin, Archbishop of Tours ( died 1133 ), in about 1079, long before the Latin West, under the influence especially of Thomas Aquinas ( c. 1227-1274 ), accepted Aristotelianism.

* January 1 – The importation of slaves into the United States is banned by the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves ; this is also the earliest day under the United States Constitution that an amendment can be made restricting slavery.

* The Chinese Zhaozhou Bridge is completed under the Sui Dynasty, the earliest known fully stone open-spandrel segmental arch bridge in the world.

The earliest projects for preserving historic homes began in the 1850s under the direction of individuals concerned with the public good and the preservation of American history, especially centered on the first president.

* The earliest English slave-trading expedition ( under John Hawkins ) goes between Guinea and the West Indies.

In 1758, British General James Wolfe made the earliest recorded use of the word Yankee to refer to people from what was to become the US, referring to the New England soldiers under his command as Yankees: " I can afford you two companies of Yankees, and the more because they are better for ranging and scouting than either work or vigilance.

Provided that taxonomists agree as to the limits of a species, it can have only one name that is correct under the appropriate nomenclature code, generally the earliest published if two or more names are accidentally assigned to a species.