Polyphonic genres began to develop during the high mediaeval era, becoming prevalent by the later 13th and early 14th century.

A significant early use of the term nation, as natio, occurred at mediaeval universities to describe the colleagues in a college or students, above all at the University of Paris, who were all born within a pays, spoke the same language and expected to be ruled by their own familiar law.

The word σκλάβος, in turn, comes from the ethnonym Slav, because in some wars in early mediaeval times many Slavs were captured and enslaved.

As early as the time of Augustus, a public basilica for transacting business had been part of any settlement that considered itself a city, used in the same way as the late mediaeval covered market houses of northern Europe, where the meeting room, for lack of urban space, was set above the arcades, however.

It includes a wide variety of variants from the Dead Sea Scrolls, Septuagint, early Rabbinic literature and selected early mediaeval manuscripts.

Paon de Ruet is found early, in a legal document, in the form Paganus de Rodio — referring to Rodium, the mediaeval Latin form corresponding to the Roeulx, or Le Rœulx, the name of a town of 3000 inhabitants, 8 miles north-east of Mons, on the highway leading from Mons to Nivelle located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.

It was an early mediaeval town in the valley of the Mleczna River ( approximately at the location of present-day Old Town ).

The archaeological excavacations uncovered the early mediaeval settlement from Piast dynasty the 9th-12th century.

The mediaeval lituus was a different brass instrument than the ancient Etruscan instrument, described by Kürzinger ( 1763 ) as a variant of the early trumpet or horn, i. e. a later development of the ancient Roman tuba.

The main Iron Work gallery covers European wrought and cast iron from the mediaeval period to the early 20th century.

Its name means " Wieringen Lake ", the name of an inland lake that occupied the area in the early mediaeval period.

In the early 1900s, renovations were performed, and it was returned to a more mediaeval character.

One article in 1998, proposing the existence of Rites of Same Sex Union ( in effect gay marriages ) in early Christian prayerbooks up to mediaeval times, caused a controversy.

The remains of Noto's early inhabitants are almost entirely hidden beneath the ruins of the mediaeval town, except for three chambers cut into the rock.

Overlooking the Alfama is the mediaeval Castle of São Jorge, royal residence until the early 16th century and now offering the best views of the city.

A standing stone and mediaeval chapel are signs of early settlement.

* Ennor, the name of the single larger island off Cornwall which gave rise to what are now the Isles of Scilly as sea levels rose in early mediaeval times

London water supply infrastructure developed over many centuries from early mediaeval conduits, through major 19th century treatment works built in response to cholera threats, to modern large scale reservoirs.

Seax-Wica is a tradition, or denomination, of the neopagan religion of Wicca which is largely inspired by the iconography of the historical Anglo-Saxon paganism, though, unlike Theodism, it is not a reconstruction of the early mediaeval religion itself.

The ‘ Butter Cross ’ or ‘ Market Cross ’ at the junction of Cross Street and High Street is mediaeval in origin and was converted into a lamp post in the early 1800s.

Not much remains of the mediaeval chapel ; only the Gothic quire is still preserved, likely built early in the 14th century.

During the mediaeval period, the church " changed hands " several times, revenues being received by the Prior of Bermondsey in the 12th century, and then by the Hospital of the Holy Ghost in Rome from the early 13th ; the turbulent reign of Richard II saw the church being seized by the king, eventually coming under the control of William of Wykeham's New College, Oxford in 1399.

The two estates of Ober-and Unter-Ambrock are mentioned in early mediaeval sources.

Although the coat of arms was first mentioned in an armorial of 1384, it is probable that it stems from early mediaeval Slavic signs for marking the cattle.

Saint Thomas Aquinas's aesthetic is probably the most famous and influential theory among medieval authors, having been the subject of much scrutiny in the wake of the neo-Scholastic revival of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and even having received the approbation of the celebrated Modernist writer, James Joyce.

The early Christian apologist writer Arnobius also believed Atlantis once existed but blamed its destruction on pagans.

Beat writer William Burroughs read a paper by Richard Evans Schultes on the subject and sought out yagé in the early 1950s while traveling through South America in the hopes that it could relieve or cure opiate addiction ( see The Yage Letters ).

The most complete existing works dealing with the mythical origins of the constellations are by the Hellenistic writer termed pseudo-Eratosthenes and an early Roman writer styled pseudo-Hyginus.

One of the early attempts was an electro-mechanical Chinese typewriter Ming kwai () which was invented by Lin Yutang, a prominent Chinese writer.

The concept can be traced to at least the Dadaists of the 1920s, but was popularized in the late 1950s and early 1960s by writer William S. Burroughs, and has since been used in a wide variety of contexts.

In the novel I, Claudius by English writer Robert Graves, Caligula is presented as being a murderous sociopath from his childhood, who became clinically insane early in his reign.

A New York writer sent to Tulsa, Oklahoma in late 1940 / early 1941 noted an "... Oklahoma version of shag done to the Western Swing music of Bob Wills and his Texas Playboys at the Cain's Dancing Academy in Tulsa.

Although noting in the introduction to ' The Protestors ' that ' Some recorded herein perhaps did not have " all the truth " — so the writer has been reminded ', Eyre nevertheless claimed that the purpose of the work was to ' tell how a number of little-known individuals, groups and religious communities strove to preserve or revive the original Christianity of apostolic times ', and that ' In faith and outlook they were far closer to the early springing shoots of first century Christianity and the penetrating spiritual challenge of Jesus himself than much that has passed for the religion of the Nazarene in the last nineteen centuries '.

Various conventions of the detective genre were standardized during the Golden Age, and in 1929 some of them were codified by writer Ronald Knox in his ' Decalogue ' of rules for detective fiction, among them to avoid supernatural elements, all of which were meant to guarantee that, in Knox's words, a detective story " must have as its main interest the unravelling of a mystery ; a mystery whose elements are clearly presented to the reader at an early stage in the proceedings, and whose nature is such as to arouse curiosity, a curiosity which is gratified at the end.

This would be very early for him to have been the writer.

The American sociologist Lester Frank Ward and the English writer G. K. Chesterton were early critics of the philosophy of eugenics.

It has been suggested that it may actually be the work of an early skeptic writer, possibly Carneades.

The evidence is found in two early maps, one made by the Portuguese cartographer Pedro Reinel in about 1522, the very first map to show the Falklands, the other a French copy of a Portuguese map bought in Lisbon by André Thévet ( 1516-1590 ), a Franciscan friar and prolific writer on many subjects ; this copy is now in the manuscript of a large unpublished work by Thevet in the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris.

At least one early Christian writer, Basil of Caesarea ( 329 – 379 ), believed the matter to be theologically irrelevant.

Whereas Lang was worried about the advent of the Nazi regime, partly because of his Jewish heritage, his wife and screen writer Thea von Harbou had started to sympathize with the Nazis in the early 1930s and joined the NSDAP in 1932.

The only writer to widely publish British grimoires in the early 19th century, Robert Cross Smith, released The Philosophical Merlin ( 1822 ) and The Astrologer of the Nineteenth Century ( 1825 ), but neither sold well.

Gifted with a precocious intellect, Georg early threw himself into the pursuit of the " new learning ", with such effect that at the age of 20, he was appointed Rector extraordinarius of Greek at the so-called Great School of Zwickau, and made his appearance as a writer on philology.

During the last years of the Russian Empire, in the early 20th century, many authors continued to write in the gothic fiction genre, including historian and historical fiction writer Alexander Valentinovich Amfiteatrov, Leonid Nikolaievich Andreyev, who developed psychological characterization, symbolist Valery Yakovlevich Bryusov, Alexander Grin, Anton Pavlovich Chekhov and Aleksandr Ivanovich Kuprin.

In the early 1850s, in Pierre, Herman Melville focuses on a Hamlet-like character's long development as a writer.

The spiritualist writer Walburga, Lady Paget in her book Colloquies with an unseen friend ( 1907 ) was an early writer to mention the hollow earth theory, she claimed that cities exist beneath a desert, which is where the descendants of Atlantis moved to, she further claimed that an entrance will be discovered to this subterranean kingdom in the 21st century.

In the course of requesting a veritable library of reading matter from home, Seymour predicts his brother's success as a writer as well as his own death and condemns the ironic " twist " endings in the stories of Anatole France, twist endings being an early Salinger device.

What would come to be thought of as Italian was first formalized in the early fourteenth century through the works of Tuscan writer Dante Alighieri, written in his native Florentine.