Many theorists suggest that there are two opposing conceptions of citizenship: an economic one, and a political one.

Upon his arrival in London, Hayek was quickly recognized as one of the leading economic theorists in the world, and his development of the economics of processes in time and the coordination function of prices inspired the ground-breaking work of John Hicks, Abba Lerner, and many others in the development of modern microeconomics.

Some property rights theorists also take a consequentialist view of distributive justice and argue that property rights based justice also has the effect of maximizing the overall wealth of an economic system.

Presently the concept is most often associated with Marxian economics, although it appears as a foundation to earlier classical economic theorists such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo.

Prior to mercantilism, the most important economic work done in Europe was by the medieval scholastic theorists.

Bukharin developed an interest in the works of Austrian Marxists and non-Marxist economic theorists, such as Aleksandr Bogdanov, who deviated from Leninist positions.

State autonomy theorists believe that the state is an entity that is impervious to external social and economic influence, and has interests of its own.

Some economic theorists consider the concept to be intellectually dishonest since, in reality, money is fungible.

Alessandrini agrees, saying, " in Australia in particular, neo-liberalism has been recast as economic rationalism and identified by several theorists and commentators as a danger to society at large because of the use to which they are putting social capital to work ".

Neoclassical economic theorists tend to view tariffs as distortions to the free market.

While the theorists behind ISI or Latin American structuralism were not homogeneous and did not belong to one particular school of economic thought, ISI and Latin American structuralism and the theorists who developed its economic frame work shared a basic common belief in a state-directed, centrally planned form of economic development.

Dependency theorists argue that poor countries have sometimes experienced economic growth with little or no economic development initiatives ; for instance, in cases where they have functioned mainly as resource-providers to wealthy industrialized countries.

He was one of several late 17th-century economic, social and political theorists with a medical education background ; contemporaries included Benjamin Worsley, Hugh Chamberlen, William Petty and John Locke.

It is not clear if Dixon or Romer considered it impossible to do so, or if they were simply not familiar with the prior analysis of " applied ideas ", " intellectual capital ", " talent ", or " innovation " where instructional and individual contributions have been carefully separated, by economic theorists.

There is a large technical economics literature on index formulae which would approximate this and which can be shown to approximate what economic theorists call a true cost of living index.

Since estimating values for these components of consumption has not been tackled, the economic theorists are torn between their desire for intellectual consistency and their recognition that inclusion of the opportunity cost of the use of durables is impracticable.

The argument that ' buying local ' is good for the economy is questioned by many economic theorists.

They also gave way to a vulgar Marxism as plain economic determinism ( or economism ), which has been criticized by various Marxist theorists.

The building is in the Beaux arts style, an interpretation of Renaissance Classicism incorporating Italianate styles with a vast range of ornate decoration, used to express the wealth and industrial export-led economic prosperity of the Second City of the Empire.

They were not ' golden years ' by any means, but in two elections ( 1944 and 1948 ), Cubans has the opportunity to express their desire for a rule of civil liberties, primacy of Cuban culture, and achievement of economic independence.

Although the censorship was lifted and writers could now freely express their thoughts, 1990's political and economic chaos affected the book market and literature heavily.

In a 2000 speech to the American Bar Association, the then party leader, Mary Harney, appeared to express a desire that Ireland become " closer to Boston than Berlin ", adopting US free-market models for economic development, health, education, and other services rather than European Continental models because she believed that the continental countries ( such as Germany and France ), while having more equality had bad economies and high unemployment.

“ Therefore, the committee desires to express to the public as its firm belief that both the public and the employees aforesaid have equitable rights and interests in the said mill which cannot be modified or diverted without due process of law ; that the employees have the right to continuous employment in the said mill during efficiency and good behavior without regard to religious, political or economic opinions or associations ; that it is against public policy and subversive of the fundamental principles of American liberty that a whole community of workers should be denied employment or suffer any other social detriment on account of membership in a church, a political party or a trade union ; that it is our duty as American citizens to resist by every legal and ordinary means the unconstitutional, anarchic and revolutionary policy of the Carnegie Company, which seems to evince a contempt public and private interests and a disdain the public conscience.

With the concept of commodity narcissism, the psychologists Stephen Dunne and Robert Cluley proposed that consumers who claim to be ethically concerned about the manufacturing origin of commodities, nonetheless behaved as if ignorant of the exploitative labour conditions under which the workers produced the goods and services, bought by the " concerned consumer "; that, within the culture of consumerism, narcissistic men and women have established shopping ( economic consumption ) as a socially acceptable way to express aggression.

Following the 1961 coup, the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction started South Korea's first five-year plan, which included a construction program to complete the railway network, to foster economic growth .< ref > On the Gyeongbu Line, the effort was advertised with a new class of express trains named Jaegeon-ho, ( Reconstruction train ) introduced on May 15, 1962.

There is a continual tension between people attempting to express their individuality and human feelings, and the political, economic and technological forces that compel them to suppress their humanity.

Participation in social science refers to different mechanisms for the public to express opinions-and ideally exert influence-regarding political, economic, management or other social decisions.

* Prices express the situation as it is and do not predict future economic situations

Herbert Spencer first used the phrase – after reading Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species – in his Principles of Biology ( 1864 ), in which he drew parallels between his own economic theories and Darwin's biological ones, writing, " This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called ' natural selection ', or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life.

Herbert Spencer first used the phrase — after reading Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species — in his Principles of Biology of 1864 in which he drew parallels between his economic theories and Darwin's biological, evolutionary ones, writing, “ This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called ' natural selection ', or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life.

Some criteria, such as economic benefit, will be more easily measurable or definable, while others such as environmental quality will be harder to measure or express quantitatively.

These economic issues prompted the British Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act, but it passed the Declaratory Act the same day, to express its opinion on the basic constitutional issues raised by the colonists ; it stated that Parliament could make laws binding the American colonies " in all cases whatsoever.

The remaining statements protest the unconstitutionality of the Stamp Act, express the economic consequences act ( which, among other things, would reduce trade to the detriment of English manufacturers ), and reiterated the rights of the colonists to petition the crown and Parliament.

As a result, banking, as such, was not directly affected to any great extent, but it was only natural that banks, like any other business, should express their strong views on proposals to achieve economic integration, e. g. in matters such as company law and taxation.

His religious fanaticism, social pressure, economic forces and an inability to express love results in him throwing her out of the household, and she is not mentioned in the novel again until the latter part.

While a cash balance plan is technically a defined benefit plan designed to allow workers to evaluate the economic worth their pension benefit in the manner of a defined contribution plan ( i. e., as an account balance ), the target benefit plan is a defined contribution plan designed to express its projected impact in terms of lifetime income as a percent of final salary at retirement ( i. e., as an annuity amount ).

The economic boom in Ireland in the mid 1990s allowed Iarnród Éireann to begin significant investment in the infrastructure of the railways, which began with an order for 32 brand new express locomotives from GM-EMD.

Diplomatic sanctions are political measures taken to express disapproval or displeasure at a certain action through diplomatic and political means, rather than affecting economic or military relations.

Further, he is distinctly opposed both to those who would treat political economy as an integral part of social philosophy, and to those who have attempted to express economic facts in quantitative formulae and to make economy a branch of applied mathematics.

Access to Western luxury goods became even more restricted, as Western governments applied economic sanctions to express their dissatisfaction with the government repression of the opposition, while at the same time the government had to use most of the foreign currency it could obtain to pay the crushing rates on its foreign debt which reached US $ 23 billion by 1980.

Facile with words, Quillen took inconsistent political, economic, and racial positions ; but he was " not afraid to bare his soul, express personal views, and even vent scorn and anger.

This regional polarisation of Ugandan politics had made the Democratic Party a convenient vehicle for Baganda to express their political aspirations which had moved significantly towards autonomy after the apparent economic and political failure of the Ugandan state.