However, rifts within Australian society, right through history, whether by denial of rights to the indigenous people or, on the contrary, by way of feelings of victimisation by the settling communities, and in recent times, the effects of cultural identity and assimilation taken to the extreme in the form of riots, street violence and ethnic gangs on both, the settled and the migrant communities, pose major challenges to multiculturalism in the country.

While the ethnic based army was generally successful on the battlefields, they began to have negative effects on the Fatimid's internal politics, traditionally the Berber element of the army had the strongest sway over political affairs, but as the Turkish element grew more powerful they began to challenge this, and eventually by 1020 serious riots began to break out among the Black African troops who were fighting back against a Berber / Turks Alliance.

When heliographs of the destruction and Torque effects were taken by a militia research team and leaked to the New Crobuzon public a century later, widespread riots would almost bring down the government in 1689.

In fact, this task was given him in the wake of the riots experienced in the province in 1979 to make observations about the effects of the Iranian Revolution and the Shi ’ ite dissention on the security of oil industry.

The information provided by the electron paramagnetic effects is then discussed, and finally the nuclear effects are interpreted in terms of various motional-modified models of the Af bond in Af.

model includes terms for the main effects ( x, y, z ) and

The two terms may not have originally been distinguished ; though in Homer's poems nectar is usually the drink and ambrosia the food of the gods ; it was with ambrosia Hera " cleansed all defilement from her lovely flesh ", and with ambrosia Athena prepared Penelope in her sleep, so that when she appeared for the final time before her suitors, the effects of years had been stripped away and they were inflamed with passion at the sight of her.

The authors noted an apparent superior efficacy of olanzapine to the other drugs in terms of reduction in psychopathology and rate of hospitalizations, but olanzapine was associated with relatively severe metabolic effects such as a major weight gain problem ( averaging over 18 months ) and increases in glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides.

" The latter two terms led stompbox manufacturers to use the term whammy in coming up with a pitch raising effect introduced by popular guitar effects pedal brand Digitech.

Attempts to extend the Standard Model or other quantum field theories by adding gravitons run into serious theoretical difficulties at high energies ( processes involving energies close to or above the Planck scale ) because of infinities arising due to quantum effects ( in technical terms, gravitation is nonrenormalizable ).

As one of the most vulnerable nations on the planet in terms of the effects of climate change, Kiribati has been an active participant in international diplomatic efforts relating to climate change, most importantly the UNFCCC conferences of the parties ( COP ).

Some terms associated with gravitational mass and its effects are the Gaussian gravitational constant, the standard gravitational parameter and the Schwarzschild radius.

In terms of cognitive abilities, one study has shown that morphine may have a negative impact on anterograde and retrograde memory, but these effects are minimal and are transient.

Although many English speakers from outside North America regard such terms as distinct Americanisms, they are often just as ubiquitous in Canada, mainly due to the effects of heavy cross-border trade and cultural penetration by the American mass media.

By defining a thing solely in terms of its external relationships or effects we only find its external, or explicit nature.

The terms psychedelic rock and acid rock are often used interchangeably, but some commentators have distinguished the former, which generally evoked the effects of psychedelic drugs, and acid rock, which can be seen as a more extreme sub-genre that focused more directly on LSD, was often louder, made greater use of distortion and often consisted of long, improvised jams.

Behaviorists explain personality in terms of the effects external stimuli have on behavior.

The most common unsupervised use of antihistamines in terms of volume and percentage of the total is perhaps in parallel to the medicinal use of some antihistamines to stretch out and intensify the effects of opioids and depressants.

Berlin and Kay's 1969 study of color terms across languages concluded that there are universal typological principles of color naming that are determined by biological factors with little or no room for relativity related effects.

The terms can also be used to apply meaning to the taxation of select consumption, such as a tax on luxury goods and the exemption of basic necessities may be described as having progressive effects as it increases a tax burden on high end consumption and decreases a tax burden on low end consumption.

But eventually it became clear that three effects are involved, when measured in terms of mean solar time.

In a survey study by Jay and Erika Vora, the effectiveness of the TRC Commission was measured on a variety of levels, namely its usefulness in terms of bringing out the truth of what had happened during the apartheid regime, the feelings of reconciliation that could be linked to the Commission, and the positive effects both domestically and internationally that the Commission brought about in a variety of ways from the political environment of South Africa to the economic one.

Carver Mead's Collective Electrodynamics: Quantum Foundations of Electromagnetism ( 2000 ) analyzes the behavior of electrons and photons purely in terms of electron wave functions, and attributes the apparent particle-like behavior to quantization effects and eigenstates.

Early attempts to formulate laws in material terms were made by ancient philosophers, including Aristotle, but suffered both from lack of definitions and lack of accurate observations ( experimenting ), and hence had various misconceptions – such as the assumption that observed effects were due to intrinsic properties of objects, e. g. " heaviness ," " lightness ," " wetness ," etc.

Related terms include bias ( non-random or directed effects caused by a factor or factors unrelated to the independent variable ) and error ( random variability ).

Modanese described several effects in terms of responses to modifications to the local cosmological constant within the superconductor.

For instance, in the transport equation, which describes a number of different transport phenomena, terms are separated into " convective " and " diffusive " effects, with " convective " meaning purely advective in context.

" Specifically, dowsing could be explained in terms of sensory cues, expectancy effects and probability.

Likewise, Joseph E. Stiglitz, speaking not only on China but East Asia in general, comments " The countries that have managed globalization ... such as those in East Asia, have, by and large, ensured that they reaped huge benefits ..." According to The Heritage Foundation, development in China was anticipated by Milton Friedman, who predicted that even a small progress towards economic liberalization would produce dramatic and positive effects.

The IMF loan, approved on September 26, is designed to support Bosnia's economic programme for the next two years, ease the effects of the “ external environment and address domestic structural weaknesses ”.

The aftermath of the plague created a series of religious, social and economic upheavals which had profound effects on the course of European history.

A 2008 research report found that conservatives are happier than liberals, and that as income inequality increases, this difference in relative happiness increases, because conservatives ( more than liberals ) possess an ideological buffer against the negative hedonic effects of economic inequality.

Higher male secondary school enrollment, per capita income and economic growth rate all had significant effects on reducing the chance of civil war.

But they could never have delivered economic self-management, they would always have been slow to innovate as apathy and frustration took their inevitable toll, and they would always have been susceptible to growing inequities and inefficiencies as the effects of differential economic power grew.

Specific examples are speech compression and transmission in digital mobile phones, room correction of sound in hi-fi and sound reinforcement applications, weather forecasting, economic forecasting, seismic data processing, analysis and control of industrial processes, medical imaging such as CAT scans and MRI, MP3 compression, computer graphics, image manipulation, hi-fi loudspeaker crossovers and equalization, and audio effects for use with electric guitar amplifiers.

The subject addresses such matters as tax incidence ( who really pays a particular tax ), cost-benefit analysis of government programs, effects on economic efficiency and income distribution of different kinds of spending and taxes, and fiscal politics.

In a study of the use of econometrics in major economics journals, McCloskey concluded that economists report p values ( following the Fisherian tradition of tests of significance of point null-hypotheses ), neglecting concerns of type II errors ; economists fail to report estimates of the size of effects ( apart from statistical significance ) and to discuss their economic importance.

Intangible factors of production are subject to network effects and the contrary economic laws such as the law of increasing returns.

Other beneficial economic effects were few, however, because the mining industry was never well integrated into the rest of the Honduran economy.

Marschak brought Simon in to assist in the study he was currently undertaking with Sam Schurr of the “ prospective economic effects of atomic energy ”.

The effects of the financial and economic crisis were severe.

Ribbentrop argued that with Soviet economic support ( especially in the form of oil ), Germany was now immune to the effects of a British naval blockade, and as such, the British would never take on Germany.

Also, the economic downturn of the early 1990s reduced some of the more serious effects of industrial and agricultural policy.

" Microeconomics also deals with the effects of national economic policies ( such as changing taxation levels ) on the aforementioned aspects of the economy.

Public economics examines the design of government tax and expenditure policies and economic effects of these policies ( e. g., social insurance programs ).

Government-linked economists have noted the significant negative effects of money laundering on economic development, including undermining domestic capital formation, depressing growth, and diverting capital away from development.

Fraser's economic record was marred by rising unemployment, which reached record levels under his administration, caused in part by the ongoing effects of the 1973 oil crisis.

Additionally, there are two sources of economic value that are relevant when analyzing products that display network effects:

When it becomes possible for a people to describe as ‘ postmodern ’ the décor of a room, the design of a building, the diegesis of a film, the construction of a record, or a ‘ scratch ’ video, a television commercial, or an arts documentary, or the ‘ intertextual ’ relations between them, the layout of a page in a fashion magazine or critical journal, an anti-teleological tendency within epistemology, the attack on the ‘ metaphysics of presence ’, a general attenuation of feeling, the collective chagrin and morbid projections of a post-War generation of baby boomers confronting disillusioned middle-age, the ‘ predicament ’ of reflexivity, a group of rhetorical tropes, a proliferation of surfaces, a new phase in commodity fetishism, a fascination for images, codes and styles, a process of cultural, political or existential fragmentation and / or crisis, the ‘ de-centring ’ of the subject, an ‘ incredulity towards metanarratives ’, the replacement of unitary power axes by a plurality of power / discourse formations, the ‘ implosion of meaning ’, the collapse of cultural hierarchies, the dread engendered by the threat of nuclear self-destruction, the decline of the university, the functioning and effects of the new miniaturised technologies, broad societal and economic shifts into a ‘ media ’, ‘ consumer ’ or ‘ multinational ’ phase, a sense ( depending on who you read ) of ‘ placelessness ’ or the abandonment of placelessness (‘ critical regionalism ’) or ( even ) a generalised substitution of spatial for temporal coordinates-when it becomes possible to describe all these things as ‘ Postmodern ’ ( or more simply using a current abbreviation as ‘ post ’ or ‘ very post ’) then it ’ s clear we are in the presence of a buzzword.

Without using measures of income adjusted for inflation, they will tend to overstate the effects of economic growth.

Perestroika and Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms have similar origins but very different effects on their respective countries ' economies.

Angelo S. Rappoport in his Dictionary of Socialism ( 1924 ) analysed forty definitions of socialism to conclude that common elements of socialism include: general criticisms of the social effects of private ownership and control of capital-as being the cause of poverty, low wages, unemployment, economic and social inequality, and a lack of economic security ; a general view that the solution to these problems is a form of collective control over the means of production, distribution and exchange ( the degree and means of control vary amongst socialist movements ); agreement that the outcome of this collective control should be a society based upon social justice, including social equality, economic protection of people, and should provide a more satisfying life for most people.