When sufficiently accurate and complete measurements are available, it will be possible to set limits on the thermal and electrical characteristics of the surface and subsurface materials of the moon.

Such characteristics include the latency of channel opening, the electrical conductance of the ion pore, the activation voltage, and the activation duration.

Specialty plastics are materials with unique characteristics, such as ultra-high strength, electrical conductivity, electro-fluorescence, high thermal stability, etc.

While initial research had been concerned mostly with the electrical characteristics of neurons, a particularly important part of the investigation in recent years has been the exploration of the role of neuromodulators such as dopamine, acetylcholine, and serotonin on behavior and learning.

The PCI specification covers the physical size of the bus ( including the size and spacing of the circuit board edge electrical contacts ), electrical characteristics, bus timing, and protocols.

The standard defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and the physical size and pinout of connectors.

The C revision of the standard was issued in 1969 in part to accommodate the electrical characteristics of these devices.

Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults ; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called " protective relays ".

Speech is distorted by a background noise and echoes, electrical characteristics.

Research continues on creating insulators with acceptable electrical characteristics on other semiconductor material.

In telecommunications, an interface standard is a standard that describes one or more functional characteristics ( such as code conversion, line assignments, or protocol compliance ) or physical characteristics ( such as electrical, mechanical, or optical characteristics ) necessary to allow the exchange of information between two or more ( usually different ) systems or pieces of equipment.

In electrical transmission lines, the term loading means the insertion of impedance into a circuit to change the characteristics of the circuit.

It is also possible to measure the electrical characteristics of individual cells in a battery string, using intermediate sensor wires that are installed at every cell-to-cell junction, and monitored both individually and collectively.

* Physical layer: This layer specifies the physical, electrical, functional and procedural characteristics to control the physical link between a DTE and a DCE.

It is often used as an insulator or housing for electrical components, due to its durability and electrical characteristics and because it can be pressed into complex shapes before firing.

However, the RG-series designations were so common for generations that they are still used, although critical users should be aware that since the handbook is withdrawn there is no standard to guarantee the electrical and physical characteristics of a cable described as " RG -# type ".

Even a partially ionized gas in which as little as 1 % of the particles are ionized can have the characteristics of a plasma ( i. e., response to magnetic fields and high electrical conductivity ).

The analog section of the DVI specification document is brief and points to other specifications like VESA VSIS for electrical characteristics and GTFS for timing information.

" In practice, it was quickly discovered that few existing networks actually met the assumed standards, because 10-megabit Ethernet was very tolerant of minor deviations from specified electrical characteristics and few installers ever bothered to make exact measurements of cable and connection quality ; if Ethernet worked over a cable, it was deemed acceptable.

Testing analyzes characteristics such as flammability, maximum operating temperature, electrical tracking, heat deflection, and direct support of live electrical parts.

The appointment of Gilbert B. Devey as General Manager of VecTrol Engineering, Inc., of Stamford, Connecticut, a leading manufacturer of thyratron and silicon controlled rectifier electrical controls, has been announced by David B. Peck, Vice President, Special Products.

Deep level transient spectroscopy has been used for studying the electrical activity of dislocations in semiconductors, mainly silicon.

* Micropower Hydrogen generators, gas turbines, and electrical generators made of etched silicon

The electrical resistance of single crystal silicon significantly changes under the application of mechanical stress due to the piezoresistive effect.

Front-end surface engineering is followed by: growth of the gate dielectric, traditionally silicon dioxide ( SiO < sub > 2 </ sub >), patterning of the gate, patterning of the source and drain regions, and subsequent implantation or diffusion of dopants to obtain the desired complementary electrical properties.

Unfortunately, many semiconductors with better electrical properties than silicon, such as gallium arsenide, do not form good semiconductor-to-insulator interfaces, thus are not suitable for MOSFETs.

The electrical properties of silicon and germanium, in particular, enabled the establishment of the semiconductor industry in the 1950s and the development of solid state electronics from the early 60s onwards.

When it melts, silicon becomes a reasonable metal with an electrical conductivity of 1. 0 – 1. 3 × 10 < sup > 4 </ sup > S • cm < sup >− 1 </ sup >, a value similar to that of liquid mercury.

As the name implies, a barrier metal must limit copper diffusivity sufficiently to chemically isolate the copper conductor from the silicon below, yet have high electrical conductivity in order to maintain a good electronic contact.

The alloys of boron, silicon, phosphorus, and other glass formers with magnetic metals ( iron, cobalt, nickel ) have high magnetic susceptibility, with low coercivity and high electrical resistance.

SOI-based devices differ from conventional silicon-built devices in that the silicon junction is above an electrical insulator, typically silicon dioxide or sapphire ( these types of devices are called silicon on sapphire, or SOS ).

These include the carbon nanotubes ( or silicon nanotubes ) which are of interest both because of their mechanical strength and also because of their electrical properties.

More recently, graphene samples prepared on nickel films, and on both the silicon face and carbon face of silicon carbide, have shown the anomalous quantum Hall effect directly in electrical measurements.

He confirmed the results by comparing the electrical signals from his silicon retina to the electrical signals produced by a salamander eye while the two retinas were looking at the same image.

Bipolar devices on silicon tend to show changes in electrical parameters at levels of 10 < sup > 10 </ sup > to 10 < sup > 11 </ sup > neutrons / cm², CMOS devices aren't affected until 10 < sup > 15 </ sup > neutrons / cm².

Recent designs have been based on microelectromechanical systems ( MEMS ) technology which generates an electrical response to ground motion through an active feedback circuit to maintain the position of a small piece of silicon.

However, early studies were limited to surfaces such as silicon, important for its electrical properties.

The primary focus at Hawthorne is software-and services-related research, whereas Yorktown Heights focuses on chemistry, mathematics, physics, silicon technology, and electrical engineering research, as well as some software and services.

As the name implies, a barrier metal must have high electrical conductivity in order to maintain a good electronic contact, while maintaining a low enough copper diffusivity to sufficiently chemically isolate these copper conductor films from underlying device silicon.

Chapter 8, is entitled `` On Magnetism '' and in it are included such remarks as, `` One has always been tempted to compare the magnetic forces with the electrical forces.

By that, one feels that magnetic forces are as general as electrical forces.

Currently, there are some 6000 companies in the field, ranging from small firms with a handful of employees to major concerns having complete facilities for production of metal, electrical, and plastic components.

It is assumed that the gyros are designed with electrical torquers so that a torque can be applied about their output axes.

Find out whether fire protection, sewage system, gas, water mains, and electrical lines are available in the locality.

These opportunities are to be found in certain cities in such crafts as auto mechanics, carpentry, drafting, electrical work, tool-and-die work, and sheet-metal work.

Protons and electrons bear opposite electrical charges which make them attract each other, and when they are joined they make up an atom of hydrogen -- the basic building block of matter.

Because electrical forces ( the charge-excess ) are far more powerful than gravitation, the surface hydrogen atoms would shoot away from the sphere.

However, algorithms are also implemented by other means, such as in a biological neural network ( for example, the human brain implementing arithmetic or an insect looking for food ), in an electrical circuit, or in a mechanical device.

Structural, mechanical, and electrical engineers and other specialists, are hired by the client or the architect, who must ensure that the work is co-ordinated to construct the design.

These are made from special ceramics in which mechanical vibrations and electrical fields are interlinked through a property of the material itself.

In recognition of his contribution to the creation of modern electrical science, an international convention signed in 1881 established the ampere as a standard unit of electrical measurement, along with the coulomb, volt, ohm, and watt, which are named, respectively, after Ampère ’ s contemporaries Charles-Augustin de Coulomb of France, Alessandro Volta of Italy, Georg Ohm of Germany, and James Watt of Scotland.

The ' far-away light ' () is a reference to St Elmo's Fire, an electrical discharge supposed by ancient Greek mariners to be an epiphany of the Dioscuri, but the meaning of the line was obscured by gaps in the papyrus until reconstructed by a modern scholar — such reconstructions are typical of the extant poetry ( see Scholars, fragments and sources below ).

Volta also studied what we now call electrical capacitance, developing separate means to study both electrical potential ( V ) and charge ( Q ), and discovering that for a given object, they are proportional.

When compressed, the crystal produces a small electrical current, so when placed under the bridge saddle, the vibrations of the strings through the saddle, and of the body of the instrument, are converted to a weak electrical signal.

At the anode, anions ( negative ions ) are forced by the electrical potential to react chemically and give off electrons ( oxidation ) which then flow up and into the driving circuit.

The requirement for samples of glow discharge atomizers is that they are electrical conductors.

Atlas Autocode included a < code >< u > complex </ u ></ code > data type which would support complex numbers, partly because of pressure from the electrical engineering department, as complex numbers are used to represent the behavior of alternating current.

Tools, electrical parts, wires, microsized cameras and similar items are found in the cramped passageways of Soto Kanda 1-chōme ( near the station ).

Some common examples are the high electrical conductivity of pure copper, the excellent deep drawing qualities of cartridge case brass, the low-friction properties of bearing bronze, the resonant qualities of bell bronze, and the resistance to corrosion by sea water of several bronze alloys.