Liquid nitrogen is the most commonly used element in cryogenics and is legally purchasable around the world.

Diatomic elements played an important role in the elucidation of the concepts of element, atom, and molecule in the 19th century, because some of the most common elements, such as hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, occur as diatomic molecules.

Other names connected to the city include Max Born, physicist and Nobel laureate ; Charles Darwin, the biologist who discovered natural selection ; David Hume, a philosopher, economist and historian ; James Hutton, regarded as the " Father of Geology "; John Napier inventor of logarithms ; chemist and one of the founders of thermodynamics Joseph Black ; pioneering medical researchers Joseph Lister and James Young Simpson ; chemist and discoverer of the element nitrogen, Daniel Rutherford ; mathematician and developer of the Maclaurin series, Colin Maclaurin and Ian Wilmut, the geneticist involved in the cloning of Dolly the sheep just outside Edinburgh.

Furthermore, aside from helium and hydrogen, it is the least dense element in a solid or liquid state, being only 2 / 3 as dense as liquid nitrogen ( 0. 808 g / cm < sup > 3 </ sup >).

Microorganisms are vital to humans and the environment, as they participate in the Earth's element cycles such as the carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle, as well as fulfilling other vital roles in virtually all ecosystems, such as recycling other organisms ' dead remains and waste products through decomposition.

Along with scientist William Ramsay at University College, London, Lord Rayleigh theorized that the nitrogen extracted from air was mixed with another gas, leading to an experiment that successfully isolated a new element, argon, from the Greek word (, " inactive ").

Due to the volatility of elemental nitrogen and its common compounds with hydrogen and oxygen, nitrogen is far less common on the rocky planets of the inner Solar System, and it is a relatively rare element on Earth as a whole.

The human body contains about 3 % by weight of nitrogen, the fourth most abundant element after oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen.

The nitrogen cycle describes movement of the element from the air into the biosphere and organic compounds, then back into the atmosphere.

While the number for " N " represents the percentage weight of nitrogen, in some European countries, the other two components are not for the analysis of the element, but rather, the analysis of the " available " or " soluble " form of the element.

Experiments into what made plants grow first led to the idea that the ash left behind when plant matter was burned was the essential element but overlooked the role of nitrogen, which is not left on the ground after combustion.

A traditional element of crop rotation is the replenishment of nitrogen through the use of green manure in sequence with cereals and other crops.

The importance of bacteria in the cycle is immediately recognized as being a key element in the cycle, providing different forms of nitrogen compounds assimilable by higher organisms.

Building on the work of Marie and Pierre, who had isolated naturally occurring radioactive elements, Joliot-Curies realized the alchemist ’ s dream of turning one element into another, creating radioactive nitrogen from boron and then radioactive isotopes of phosphorus from aluminum and silicon from magnesium.

Other gases in discharge tubes ; from left to right: hydrogen, deuterium, nitrogen, oxygen, mercury ( element ) | mercury

Most importantly, the new seeker also introduced detector element cooling in the form of a pressurized nitrogen bottle attached to the launcher.

Bioavailable nitrogen is the element in soil that is most often lacking.

By cooling the baffle, either with a cryogen such as liquid nitrogen, or by use of an electrically driven Peltier element, oil vapour molecules that strike the baffle vanes will condense and thus be removed from the pumped cavity.

Nitrogen is a critical chemical element in both proteins and DNA, and thus every living organism must metabolize nitrogen to survive.

Typically they simplify complex foodwebs down to their major components or trophic levels, and quantify these as either numbers of organisms, biomass or the inventory / concentration of some pertinent chemical element ( for instance, carbon or a nutrient species such as nitrogen or phosphorus ).

Nitrogen-14 is one of two stable ( non-radioactive ) isotopes of the chemical element nitrogen, which makes up about 99. 636 % of natural nitrogen.

In Gaul the Saxon element on its Saxon Shore was plainly visible because there the Saxons were an intrusive element in the population.

It may be thought unfortunate that he was called on entirely by accident to perform, if again we may trust the opening of the oratio, for it marks the beginning for us of his use of his peculiar form of witty word play that even in this Latin banter has in it the unmistakable element of viciousness and an almost sadistic delight in verbally tormenting an adversary.

Eventually it became clear to me, partly with the aid of another schizophrenic patient who could point out my condescension to me somewhat more directly, that this man, with his condescending, `` You're welcome '', was very accurately personifying an element of obnoxious condescension which had been present in my own demeanor, over these months, on each of these occasions when I had bid him good-bye with the consoling note, each time, that the healing Christ would be stooping to dispense this succor to the poor sufferer again on the morrow.

Here, as in the Byrd case, another element of state procedure was subsumed to federal judge-made law.

A formulaic element need not be held meaningless merely because it was selected with little conscious reflection.

that was a nightmarish situation and Low was in his element.

Although there are landscapes in the show ( one of the strongest is a vista of `` Gloucester Harbor '' in 1915 ), the human element was the compelling factor in Sloan's art.

This was a training ship and the training would continue, but there was an element of frightful absurdity here which Alexander recognized.

Another problem was that the gradual identification of more and more chemically similar and indistinguishable lanthanides, which were of an uncertain number, led to inconsistency and uncertainty in the numbering of all elements at least from lutetium ( element 71 ) onwards ( hafnium was not known at this time ).

This central charge would thus be approximately half the atomic weight ( though it was almost 25 % off the figure for the atomic number in gold ( Z = 79, A = 197 ), the single element from which Rutherford made his guess ).

Nevertheless, in spite of Rutherford's estimation that gold had a central charge of about 100 ( but was element Z = 79 on the periodic table ), a month after Rutherford's paper appeared, Antonius van den Broek first formally suggested that the central charge and number of electrons in an atom was exactly equal to its place in the periodic table ( also known as element number, atomic number, and symbolized Z ).

The synthetic element nobelium was named after him.

It was established to be an element around the 17th century.

Actinium ( ) is a radioactive chemical element with symbol Ac and atomic number 89, which was discovered in 1899.

It was the first non-primordial radioactive element to be isolated.

After a comparison of the substances half-lives determined by Debierne, Hariett Brooks in 1904, and Otto Hahn and Otto Sackur in 1905, Debierne's chosen name for the new element was retained because it had seniority.

This transuranic element of the actinide series is located in the periodic table below the lanthanide element europium, and thus by analogy was named after another continent, America.

Although it is the third element in the transuranic series, it was discovered fourth, after the heavier curium.

Following the lighter neptunium, plutonium, and heavier curium, americium was the fourth transuranium element to be discovered.

Seaborg leaked the synthesis of the elements 95 and 96 on the U. S. radio show for children, the Quiz Kids, five days before the official presentation at an American Chemical Society meeting on 11 November 1945, when one of the listeners asked whether any new transuranium element beside plutonium and neptunium had been discovered during the war.

In 1789, French nobleman and scientific researcher Antoine Lavoisier discovered the law of conservation of mass and defined an element as a basic substance that could not be further broken down by the methods of chemistry.

* 1774 – British scientist Joseph Priestley discovered oxygen gas, corroborating the prior discovery of this element by German-Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele.

This was the fifth transuranium element discovered after neptunium, plutonium, curium and americium.

The name choice for element 97 followed the previous tradition of the Californian group to draw an analogy between the newly discovered actinide and the lanthanide element positioned above it in the periodic table.

" The Boudicca retrotransposon, a high-copy retroviral-like element, was the first mobile genetic element of this type to be discovered in S. mansoni.

Technetium was the first purportedly non-naturally occurring element to be synthesized, in 1937, although trace amounts of technetium have since been found in nature ( and also the element may have been discovered naturally in 1925 ).

This practice can lead to the controversial question of which research group actually discovered an element, a question that has delayed naming of elements with atomic number of 104 and higher for a considerable time.

The suggestion that this newly discovered gas was a simple element was made in 1809 by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques.

Because terbium was named after Ytterby, the city in which it and several other elements were discovered, this new element was named berkelium for the city in which it was synthesized.

It follows the element einsteinium which was discovered with it.

Perey named the new isotope actinium-K ( now referred to as francium-223 ) and in 1946, she proposed the name catium for her newly discovered element, as she believed it to be the most electropositive cation of the elements.

Francium was the last element discovered in nature, rather than synthesized, following rhenium in 1925.

This element had recently been discovered in the solar spectrum by Bunsen and Kirchoff.

Virtually all of the gold that mankind has discovered is considered to have been deposited later by meteorites which contained the element.

The original operating principle was discovered in 1908 and Geiger counters remain popular instruments for use in radiation dosimetry, health physics, experimental physics, the nuclear industry, geological exploration and other fields, due to their robust sensing element and their relatively low cost.

The word " halogen " had actually first been proposed in 1811 by Johann Salomo Christoph Schweigger as a name for the newly discovered element chlorine, but Davy's proposed term for this element eventually won out, and Schweigger's term was kept at Berzelius ' suggestion as the term for the element group that contains chlorine.