By 1880s, various labour market protections had been enacted, causing Herbert Spencer, at the time perhaps the world's most prominent advocate of economic liberalism, to raise the alarm at the rising power of socialism .. During the late 19th and early 20th century, in the field of politics, labour relations and trade, free market supporters suffered further set backs with intellectual and the moral attacks from groups like the Fabians, from His Holy Father Pope Leo XIII with his social encyclical Rerum Novarum ; with various countries including the US significantly increasing their trade tariffs ; and with Otto von Bismarck and David Lloyd George introducing early precursors of the welfare state.

Acknowledging the controversy, Paul VI in a letter to the Congress of German Catholics ( Aug. 30, 1968 ), stated: " May the lively debate aroused by our encyclical lead to a better knowledge of God ’ s will.

The authority which the magisterium enjoys by the will of Christ exists so that the moral conscience can attain the truth with security and remain in it .” John Paul quoted Humanae Vitae as a compassionate encyclical, " Christ has come not to judge the world but to save it, and while he was uncompromisingly stern towards sin, he was patient and rich in mercy towards sinners ".

In his encyclical Mediator Dei, Pius XII links liturgy with the last will of Jesus Christ.

It was named after the 1963 encyclical by Pope John XXIII which calls upon all people of good will to secure peace among all nations.

It was named after a 1963 encyclical letter by Pope John XXIII that calls upon all people of good will to secure peace among all nations.

It was named after a 1963 encyclical letter by Pope John XXIII that calls upon all people of good will to secure peace among all nations.

Pacem in terris was the first encyclical that the Pope did not address to the Catholic faithful only, but also to " all men of good will ".

It was named after a 1963 encyclical letter by Pope John XXIII that calls upon all people of good will to secure peace among all nations ; Pacem in Terris is Latin for ' Peace on Earth.

The encyclical states that Christ, while still on earth, instructed by precept, counsel and warnings " in words that shall never pass away, and will be spirit and life " to all men of all times.

Two months later, the controversial " Winnipeg Statement " issued by the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops stated that those who cannot accept the teaching should not be considered shut off from the Catholic Church, and that individuals can in good conscience use contraception as long as they have first made an honest attempt to accept the difficult directives of the encyclical.

It was only under Pope Leo XIII ( r: 1878-1903 ) that the Church leadership tried to move away from its anti-Republican associations, when he ordered the deeply unhappy French Church to accept the Third French Republic ( 1875 – 1940 ) ( Inter innumeras sollicitudines encyclical of 1892 ).

From Buda, in March 1440, he published an encyclical calling on all Russian bishops to accept the union, but when he at last arrived in Moscow ( Easter, 1441 ), and proclaimed the union in the Kremlin church, he found that the Grand Duke Vasily II of Moscow and most of the bishops and people would have none of it.

Indeed, Distributism in Catholic social teaching such as Pope Leo XIII's encyclical Rerum Novarum and Pope Pius XI's Quadragesimo Anno resembles a Mutualist society based on Cooperatives, while Pope John Paul II's Catechism of the Catholic Church states " She ( the Church ) has ... refused to accept, in the practice of " capitalism ," individualism and the absolute primacy of the law of the marketplace over human labor.

It was composed as an encyclical letter — that is, one not directed to the members of one church in particular, but intended rather to be circulated and read in all churches.

There is also a particular view in ecclesiastical history and in the history of dogmas which has been described as historicist by Pope Pius XII in the encyclical Humani Generis.

Pope Pius XII, who had a particular interest in the liturgy, wrote in his 1947 encyclical Mediator Dei that " the use of the mother tongue in connection with several of the rites may be of much advantage to the people ", though he stated at the same time that only the Holy See had the authority to grant permission for the use of the vernacular.

The reports of the special committees ( based in part upon those of the committee of 1867 ) were embodied in the encyclical letter, which described the best mode of maintaining union, voluntary boards of arbitration, the relationship between missionary bishops and missionaries ( a particular problem in India ), chaplains in continental Europe, modern forms of infidelity and the best way of dealing with them and the condition, progress and needs of the churches.

) While there, however, he was exposed to the teachings of Catholic social justice, in particular the encyclical Rerum Novarum.

An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Catholic Church.

For the modern Catholic Church a Papal encyclical, in the strictest sense, is a letter, usually treating some aspect of Catholic doctrine, sent by the Pope and addressed either to the Catholic bishops of a particular area or, more normally, to the bishops of the world ; however, the form of the address can vary widely, and often designates a wider audience.

This encyclical expanded the Church's social doctrine to cover the relations between rich and poor nations, examining the obligation of rich countries to assist poor countries while respecting their particular cultures.

Of particular importance were his 1981 encyclical Laborem Exercens and Centesimus Annus in 1991.

The encyclical argued that the late 19th century was a time of particular danger for Christians as the " partisans of evil " were now far more open, as evidenced by the new openness of Freemasonry.

In recent times, its teaching has been most notably expressed in the Vatican II council documents Unitatis Redintegratio ( 1964 ), Lumen Gentium ( 1964 ), Nostra aetate ( 1965 ), an encyclical issued by Pope John Paul II: Ut Unum Sint ( 1995 ), and in a document issued by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Dominus Iesus in 2000.

Distributism ( also known as distributionism or distributivism ) is an economic philosophy that developed in England in the early 20th century based upon the principles of Catholic social teaching, especially the teachings of Pope Leo XIII in his encyclical Rerum Novarum and Pope Pius XI in Quadragesimo Anno.

* 1891 – Pope Leo XIII defends workers ' rights and property rights in the encyclical Rerum Novarum, the beginning of modern Catholic social teaching.

Despite holding for many years a view widely held to be heretical, John XXII is not considered a heretic because in his day the doctrine he had contradicted had not been formally defined by the Church, a lacuna that his successor Benedict XII immediately filled by the encyclical Benedictus Deus, which formally defined this doctrine as part of Church teaching.

The papal encyclical Casti Connubii ( 1930 ) invokes this Biblical text in support of the teaching of the Catholic Church against contracepted sex.

Timothy Aelerus, the Non-Chalcedonian patriarch of Alexandria under Basiliscus ' protection since 476, had already induced Basiliscus to put forth an encyclical or imperial proclamation ( egkyklios ) condemning the teaching of the council of Chalcedon.

The common good is a concept central to Catholic social teaching tradition beginning with the foundational document, Rerum Novarum, a papal encyclical by Pope Leo XIII, issued in 1891 to combat the excesses of both laissez-faire capitalism on the one hand and communism on the other.

The encyclical Rerum Novarum encyclical of Pope Leo XIII from 1891 was the starting point of a teaching on social questions that was expanded and updated all through the 20th century.

He restated the Church's long-standing teaching regarding the crucial importance of private property rights, but recognized, in one of the best-known passages of the encyclical, that the free operation of market forces must be tempered by moral considerations:

The Catholic teaching on this subject is expressed in the papal encyclical Ad Caeli Reginam, issued by Pope Pius XII.

In response to these doubts, Pope John Paul II reaffirmed the basic teaching in his encyclical Veritatis Splendor.

A watershed came in 1968, when The Tablet took an editorial stance at odds with Pope Paul VI's encyclical Humanae Vitae, which restated the traditional teaching against artificial contraception.

Since then, successive popes have added to and developed the Church's body of social teaching, principally through the medium of encyclical letters.

The publication of Leo XIII's encyclical Rerum Novarum in 1891 marked the beginning of the development of a recognizable body of social teaching in the Catholic Church.

The inscription is a paraphrase from the papal encyclical Studiorum ducem by Pope Pius XI which singles out the Angelicum as the preeminent institution for the teaching of Aquinas: " ante omnia Pontificium Collegium Angelicum, ubi Thomam tamquam domi suae habitare dixeris ," ( before all others the Pontifical Angelicum College, where Thomas can be said to dwell ).

Affirmed in the encyclical was the right of all men to own property, the necessity of a system that allowed " as many as possible of the people to become owners ", the duty of employers to provide safe working conditions and sufficient wages, and the right of workers to unionise.

The Second Vatican Council referred to all bishops as " vicars and ambassadors of Christ ", and this description of the bishops was repeated by Pope John Paul II in his encyclical Ut unum sint, 95.

In October 1948, as the 1948 Arab – Israeli War was in progress, Pope Pius XII, deeply disturbed by that violent conflict, issued the encyclical " In Multiplicibus Curis ", in which he called on the peace-makers to give Jerusalem and its outskirts " an international character " and to assure-" with international guarantees "-freedom of access and worship at the holy places scattered throughout Palestine.

In April 1949, he issued the encyclical " Redemptoris Nostri Cruciatus ", in which he appealed for justice for the Palestinian refugees and repeated his call for an " international status " as the best form of protection for the holy places.

In his encyclical Dilectissima Nobis ( 1933 ), in which he addressed the situation of the Church in Republican Spain, he proclaimed, that the Church is not " bound to one form of government more than to another, provided the Divine rights of God and of Christian consciences are safe ", and specifically referred to " various civil institutions, be they monarchic or republican, aristocratic or democratic ".

He was denounced by Pope Pius XI in the encyclical Iniquis Afflictisque ( On the Persecution of the Church in Mexico ) as being " unjust ", for a " hateful " attitude and for the " ferocity " of the war which he waged against the Church.

At the 879 – 880 Council of Constantinople the Eastern Orthodox Church anathematized the " Filioque " phrase, " as a novelty and augmentation of the Creed ", and in their 1848 encyclical the Eastern Patriarchs spoke of it as a heresy.

Although the encyclical is widely hailed as " the first great official public document to dare to confront and criticize Nazism ", there is some debate over the extent to which the encyclical challenged the Nazi regime.

As a result the encyclical was " not directly polemical " but " diplomatically moderate ", in contrast to the encyclical Non Abbiamo Bisogno dealing with Italian fascism.

He was also deeply religious, relying on " Rerum Novarum ", the papal encyclical of Pope Leo XIII supporting the right of workers to form unions, as the bridge between his faith and his commitment to the rights of workers.

Providentissimus Deus, " On the Study of Holy Scripture ", was an encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII on 18 November 1893.

Providentissimus Deus, " On the Study of Holy Scripture ", was an encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII on 18 November 1893 on the interpretation of Scripture.

Supporters cite the fact that his encyclical on Americanism, " Longinqua ", spoke of love for America more than condemnation of it.

" Following this encyclical Pope Leo XIII created the Pontifical Academy of St. Thomas Aquinas at the Angelicum on October 15, 1879 and ordered the publication of the critical edition, the so-called " leonine edition ", of the complete works of the doctor angelicus.

Addressing " the condition of the working classes ", the Church's policy set out in that encyclical explicitly supported the right of labour to form unions, but rejected socialism and affirmed private property rights.