In a woman, the condition of lactation unrelated to pregnancy can occur as galactorrhea ( spontaneous milk flow ), and because of the adverse effects of drugs ( e. g. antipsychotic medications ), of extreme physical stress, and of endocrine disorders.

The endocrine system is an information signal system like the nervous system, yet its effects and mechanism are classifiably different.

It is presumed that the innervation from the POA to the PVN mediates the neuroendocrine effects of fever through the pathway involving pituitary gland and various endocrine organs.

Toxic effects such as endocrine disruption and neurotoxicity are also associated with other compounds within the group.

* Hormone – a chemical released by one of the endocrine glands or tissues, and which has effects on other tissues.

For example, These can cause disruptive effects on endocrine systems ; impair the reproductive system, and lower the immune system of individuals, leading to a higher number of deaths.

Data from animal studies of PFOA indicate that it can cause several types of tumors and neonatal death and may have toxic effects on the immune, liver, and endocrine systems.

Though other side effects are thought to be possibly associated with TMS ( alterations to the endocrine system, altered neurotransmitter and immune system activity ) they are considered investigational and lacking substantive proof.

The music is used in the therapy of patients with certain forms of depression and hysteria, and its effects on the endocrine system recently became an object of research.

Includes instruction in muscular and skeletal anatomy ; molecular and cellular basis of muscle contraction ; fuel utilization ; neurophysiology of motor mechanics ; systemic physiological responses ( respiration, blood flow, endocrine secretions, and others ); fatigue and exhaustion ; muscle and body training ; physiology of specific exercises and activities ; physiology of injury ; and the effects of disabilities and disease.

Includes instruction in muscular and skeletal anatomy ; molecular and cellular basis of muscle contraction ; fuel utilization ; neurophysiology of motor mechanics ; systemic physiological responses ( respiration, blood flow, endocrine secretions, and others ); fatigue and exhaustion ; muscle and body training ; physiology of specific exercises and activities ; physiology of injury ; and the effects of disabilities and disease.

Low blood pressure can be caused by low blood volume, hormonal changes, widening of blood vessels, medicine side effects, anemia, heart problems or endocrine problems.

EDC studies have shown that endocrine disruptors can cause adverse biological effects in animals, and low-level exposures also cause similar effects in human beings.

In this paper, she stated that environmental chemicals disrupt the development of the endocrine system, and that effects of exposure during development are often permanent.

The Endocrine Society released a scientific statement outlining mechanisms and effects of endocrine disruptors on “ male and female reproduction, breast development and cancer, prostate cancer, neuroendocrinology, thyroid, metabolism and obesity, and cardiovascular endocrinology ,” and showing how experimental and epidemiological studies converge with human clinical observations “ to implicate EDCs as a significant concern to public health .” The statement noted that it is difficult to show that endocrine disruptors cause human diseases, and it recommended that the precautionary principle should be followed.

Health effects attributed to endocrine disrupting compounds include a range of reproductive problems ( reduced fertility, male and female reproductive tract abnormalities, and skewed male / female sex ratios, loss of fetus, menstrual problems ); changes in hormone levels ; early puberty ; brain and behavior problems ; impaired immune functions ; and various cancers.

Thus, an endocrine disruptor can elicit adverse effects at much lower doses than a toxicity, acting through a different mechanism.

There are studies of cell cultures, laboratory animals, wildlife, and accidentally exposed humans that show that environmental chemicals cause a wide range of reproductive, developmental, growth, and behavior effects, and so while " endocrine disruption in humans by pollutant chemicals remains largely undemonstrated, the underlying science is sound and the potential for such effects is real.

A consensus statement by the Learning and Development Disabilities Initiative rebuts this criticism arguing that " The very low-dose effects of endocrine disruptors can not be predicted from high-dose studies, which contradicts the standard ' dose makes the poison ' rule of toxicology.

" Furthermore, endocrine disrupting effects have been noted in animals exposed to environmentally relevant levels of some chemicals.

Subsequent papers by other authors demonstrated that low concentrations of endocrine disruptors can have synergistic effects in amphibians, but it is not clear that this is an effect mediated through the endocrine system.

In anurans, males usually arrive at the breeding sites before females and the vocal chorus they produce may stimulate the endocrine activity of males that are not yet reproductively active and ovulation in females.

In mammals, the adrenal glands ( also known as suprarenal glands ) are endocrine glands that sit at the top of the kidneys ; in humans, the right adrenal gland is triangular shaped, while the left adrenal gland is semilunar shaped.

Noncardiac causes are usually secondary, and can involve recreational drug use or abuse ; metabolic or endocrine issues, especially in the thyroid ; an electrolyte imbalance ; neurologic factors ; autonomic reflexes ; situational factors such as prolonged bed rest ; and autoimmunity.

Potential mechanisms of action on humans are genotoxicity and endocrine disruption.

The diagnosis and treatment of endocrine diseases are guided by laboratory tests to a greater extent than for most specialties.

Most endocrine disorders are chronic diseases that need lifelong care.

Hormones are substances ( chemical mediators ) released from endocrine tissue into the bloodstream where they travel to target tissue and generate a response.

Features of endocrine glands are, in general, their ductless nature, their vascularity, and usually the presence of intracellular vacuoles or granules storing their hormones.

In addition to the specialised endocrine organs mentioned above, many other organs that are part of other body systems, such as the kidney, liver, heart and gonads, have secondary endocrine functions.

Hormone cells are typically of a specialized cell type, residing within a particular endocrine gland, such as thyroid gland, ovaries, and testes.

The classical hormones produced by cells in the endocrine glands mentioned so far in this article are cellular products, specialized to serve as regulators at the overall organism level.

Most types of MD are multi-system disorders with manifestations in body systems including the heart, gastrointestinal system, nervous system, endocrine glands, eyes and brain.

Insect growth and metamorphosis are controlled by hormones synthesized by endocrine glands near the front of the body.

Ovaries in female individuals are analogous to testes in male individuals, in that they are both gonads and endocrine glands.

Lightly staining clusters of cells are called islets of Langerhans, which produce hormones that underlie the endocrine functions of the pancreas.

Menopause is based on the natural or surgical cessation of estradiol and progesterone production by the ovaries, which are a part of the body's endocrine system of hormone production, in this case the hormones which make reproduction possible and influence sexual behavior.

Exactly what causes this variation is not entirely understood, although factors contributing to it could include the lengths of the polyglutamine and polyglycine tracts, sensitivity to and variations in the intrauterine endocrine milieu, the effect of coregulatory proteins that are active in Sertoli cells, somatic mosaicism, expression of the 5RD2 gene in genital skin fibroblasts, reduced AR transcription and translation from factors other than mutations in the AR coding region, an unidentified coactivator protein, enzyme deficiencies such as 21-hydroxylase deficiency, or other genetic variations such as a mutant steroidogenic factor-1 ( SF-1 ) protein.

The most important factors are weight, genetics, endocrine disorders ( such as polycystic ovary syndrome in women of reproductive age ), aging, and sedentary lifestyle, ( i. e., low physical activity and excess caloric intake ).

These later substances are hormones, and so the pancreas is also an endocrine gland.

Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food energy intake, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility, although a few cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medications or psychiatric illness.