Gamow solved a model potential for the nucleus and derived, from first principles, a relationship between the half-life of the decay, and the energy of the emission, which had been previously discovered empirically, and was known as the Geiger – Nuttall law.

A critical energy release rate can be derived from the crack length during testing.

The citric acid cycle — also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle ( TCA cycle ), the Krebs cycle, or the Szent-Györgyi – Krebs cycle — is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidization of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide.

In 1923, the Belgian mathematician and physicist Théophile de Donder derived a relation between affinity and the Gibbs free energy of a chemical reaction.

If time, space, and energy are secondary features derived from a substrate below the Planck scale, then Einstein's hypothetical algebraic system might resolve the EPR paradox ( although Bell's theorem would still be valid ).

Each internal line corresponds to a factor of the corresponding virtual particle's propagator ; each vertex where lines meet gives a factor derived from an interaction term in the Lagrangian, and incoming and outgoing lines carry an energy, momentum, and spin.

Hydropower or water power is power derived from the energy of falling water, which may be harnessed for useful purposes.

The latter hypothesis seems the more plausible evolution determinant as the surface area of the head is minute compared to the remainder of the body, thus the energy required in producing long hair for the express purpose of " optical " amplification of UV light reflected from the snow seems counterproductive ( however, it's very likely that the trait was sustained due to a nuanced combination of multiple influences, given that human hunting-skills and ingenuity were such by 50, 000 years ago that said benefits in terms of ' comfort ' could have alternatively been derived from constructing head and ear warmers of fur from prey, etc .).

The joule ( or sometimes ); symbol J ) is a derived unit of energy, work, or amount of heat in the International System of Units.

For example, in the homonuclear diatomic molecules of the first ten elements, the molecular orbitals derived from the p < sub > x </ sub > and the p < sub > y </ sub > atomic orbitals result in two degenerate bonding orbitals ( of low energy ) and two degenerate antibonding orbitals ( of high energy ).

Much of a moose's energy is derived from terrestrial vegetation, mainly consisting of forbs and other non-grasses, and fresh shoots from trees such as willow and birch.

One may think of potential energy as being derived from force or think of force as being derived from potential energy ( though the latter approach requires a definition of energy that is independent from force which does not currently exist ).

Fossil fuels such as coal and gasoline store ancient energy derived from sunlight by organisms that later died, became buried and over time were then converted into these fuels.

Carbon neutral fuel is synthetic fuel — such as methane, gasoline, diesel fuel or jet fuel — produced from renewable or nuclear energy used to hydrogenate waste carbon dioxide recycled from power plant flue exhaust gas or derived from carbonic acid in seawater .< ref name = MacDowell2010 > ( Review.

He independently derived Tsiolkovsky's rocket equation, did basic calculations about the energy required to make round trips to the Moon and planets, and he proposed the use of atomic power ( i. e. Radium ) to power a jet drive.

By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemical energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived.

The power needed to spin the centrifugal compressor is derived from the kinetic energy of the engine's exhaust gases.

This is used as a reference for comparing the ohmic heating and the electrical energy obtained from the measured current through the element and the measured voltage across the element.

Thus, the energy transferred from the arc to the anode was partly fed back into the arc.

It is sufficiently small compared with the surface temperature of the anode holder, to make the energy flux radiated from the environment toward the anode holder negligible within the accuracy of the present measurements.

The concept of the strain energy as a Gibbs function difference Af and exerting a force normal to the shearing face is compatible with the information obtained from optical birefringence studies of fluids undergoing shear.

From this and the force of deformation it should be possible to calculate the elastic energy of deformation which should be equal to the Af calculated from the pressure normal to the shearing face.

The energy for any isothermal work done by the perfect gas must come as thermal energy from its surroundings.

It appears possible to set a lower limit of about Af for the activation energy of the abstraction of a chlorine atom from a carbon tetrachloride molecule by a chlorine atom to form Af radical.

We are reporting these investigations here briefly because of their relevancy to problems of the study of apparently simple exchange reactions of chlorine and because the results furnish some information on the activation energy for abstraction of chlorine atoms from carbon tetrachloride.

Some 80 reaction tubes from 13 manifold fillings were illuminated in the temperature range from 40 to 85-degrees in a further endeavor to determine the cause of the irreproducibility and to obtain information on the activation energy and the effect of light intensity.

Estimated production costs of radiation energy from machine and nuclide sources range from $1 to $10 per Aj.

Many are phototrophic, although some groups contain members that are mixotrophic, deriving energy both from photosynthesis and uptake of organic carbon either by osmotrophy, myzotrophy, or phagotrophy.

Surface water temperatures, which vary with latitude, current systems, and season and reflect the latitudinal distribution of solar energy, range from below.

The 21st chapter was omitted from the editions published in the United States prior to 1986 .< ref > Burgess, Anthony ( 1986 ) A Clockwork Orange Resucked in < u > A Clockwork Orange </ u >, W. W. Norton & Company, New York .</ ref > In the introduction to the updated American text ( these newer editions include the missing 21st chapter ), Burgess explains that when he first brought the book to an American publisher, he was told that U. S. audiences would never go for the final chapter, in which Alex sees the error of his ways, decides he has lost all energy for and thrill from violence and resolves to turn his life around ( a slow-ripening but classic moment of metanoia — the moment at which one's protagonist realises that everything he thought he knew was wrong ).

soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT ; energy blockade, the result of conflict with Azerbaijan, has led to deforestation when citizens scavenged for firewood ; pollution of Hrazdan ( Razdan ) and Araks Rivers ; the draining of Sevana Lich ( Lake Sevan ), a result of its use as a source for hydropower, threatens drinking water supplies ; restart of Metsamor nuclear power plant without adequate ( IAEA-recommended ) safety and backup systems

The vast majority of energy is produced with imported fuel, including gas and nuclear fuel ( for its one nuclear power plant ) from Russia ; the main domestic energy source is hydroelectric.

There are many kinds of transduction process that convert energy from some other form into sonic energy, producing a sound wave.

by the absorption of energy from light ( photons ), magnetic fields, or interaction with a colliding particle ( typically other electrons ).

The energy necessary to remove an electron from its shell ( taking it to infinity ) is called the binding energy.

* Carbon — for energy ; the microbial oxidation of carbon produces the heat, if included at suggested levels.

The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable energy in the form of ATP.

; Lithoautotroph: An organism ( usually bacteria ) whose sole source of carbon is carbon dioxide and exergonic inorganic oxidation ( chemolithotrophs ) such as Nitrosomonas europaea ; these organisms are capable of deriving energy from reduced mineral compounds like pyrites, and are active in geochemical cycling and the weathering of parent bedrock to form soil

The lowest-energy form of oxygen, and the lowest energy forms of the relevant oxidation states of iron, are these:

The energy yield of the complete oxidation of the fatty acid palmitate is 106 ATP.

It is also said that a synthase is a lyase ( a lyase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis and oxidation, often forming a new double bond or a new ring structure ) and does not require any energy, whereas a synthetase is a ligase ( a ligase is an enzyme that binds two chemicals or compounds ) and thus requires energy.

Oxidative phosphorylation ( or OXPHOS in short ) is a metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to produce adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ).

This coenzyme contains electrons that have a high transfer potential ; in other words, they will release a large amount of energy upon oxidation.

In eukaryotes, the enzymes in this electron transport system use the energy released from the oxidation of NADH to pump protons across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

Acetic acid bacteria ( AAB ) are bacteria that derive their energy from the oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid during fermentation.

They are chemoorganotrophs, obtaining their energy from oxidation and reduction reactions using organic sources, and are facultative anaerobes.

Mildronate shifts the myocardial energy metabolism from fatty acid oxidation to the more oxygen sparing glucose oxidation under ischemic conditions, by inhibiting enzymes in the carnitine biosynthesis pathway including gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase.

The activators can undergo change of valence ( usually oxidation ), the crystal lattice degrades, atoms – often the activators – diffuse through the material, the surface undergoes chemical reactions with the environment with consequent loss of efficiency or buildup of a layer absorbing either the exciting or the radiated energy, etc.

Electron transport chains are the cellular mechanisms used for extracting energy from sunlight in photosynthesis and also from redox reactions, such as the oxidation of sugars ( respiration ).

The entire process is called oxidative phosphorylation, since ADP is phosphorylated to ATP using the energy of hydrogen oxidation in many steps.

The energy required to sustain the high temperature pyrometallurgical processes may come entirely from the exothermic nature of the chemical reactions taking place, usually oxidation reactions.

" Most autotrophs capture the suns energy in chlorophyll, but some autotrophs ( the chemolithotrophs ) obtain energy by the chemical oxidation of inorganic compounds and can grow in dark environments, such as the sulfur bacterium Thiobacillus, which lives in hot sulfur springs.

An extreme example is graphite, which releases large amounts of energy upon oxidation, but has such slow kinetics that it is effectively immune to electrochemical corrosion under normal conditions.

It may occur through the process of photosynthesis, using light as a source of energy, or chemosynthesis, using the oxidation or reduction of chemical compounds as a source of energy.

The creation of these wastes is usually an oxidation process involving a release of chemical free energy, some of which is lost as heat, but the rest of which is used to drive the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ).