* 1982 – " The Jakarta Incident ": British Airways Flight 9 flies into a cloud of volcanic ash thrown up by the eruption of Mount Galunggung, resulting in the failure of all four engines.

* 1783 – A poisonous cloud caused by the eruption of the Laki volcano in Iceland reaches Le Havre in France.

That happens in magnetic storms, when following an eruption on the sun ( a " coronal mass ejection " or a " solar flare "— details are still debated, see MSPF ) a fast-moving plasma cloud hits the Earth.

Volume of products, eruption cloud height, and qualitative observations ( using terms ranging from " gentle " to " mega-colossal ") are used to determine the explosivity value.

A value of 0 is given for non-explosive eruptions, defined as less than of tephra ejected ; and 8 representing a mega-colossal explosive eruption that can eject of tephra and have a cloud column height of over.

The main killer of humans in the immediate surroundings of a volcanic eruption is the pyroclastic flows, which consist of a cloud of hot volcanic ash which builds up in the air above the volcano and rushes down the slopes when the eruption no longer supports the lifting of the gases.

An eruption the size of Mount Pinatubo tends to affect the weather for a few years ; the material injected into the stratosphere gradually drops into the troposphere where it is washed away by rain and cloud precipitation.

For example, during the 1982 eruption of Galunggung in Java, British Airways Flight 9 flew into the ash cloud, suffering temporary engine failure and structural damage.

Ash cloud from the 2008 eruption of Chaitén ( volcano ) | Chaitén volcano stretching across Patagonia from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean.

On 24 June 1982 a British Airways Boeing 747-236B ( Flight 9 ) flew through the ash cloud from the eruption of Mount Galunggung, Indonesia resulting in the failure of all four engines.

A name for some pyroclastic flows is nuée ardente ( French for " glowing cloud "); this was first used to describe the disastrous 1902 eruption of Mount Pelée on Martinique.

) In this style of eruption, the gas and projectiles create a cloud which is denser than the surrounding air and becomes a pyroclastic flow.

In a lunar volcanic eruption, a pyroclastic cloud would follow local relief resulting in an often sinuous track.

However, on August 21, 1986, a limnic eruption occurred at Lake Nyos which triggered the sudden release of about 1. 6 million tonnes of CO < sub > 2 </ sub >; this cloud rose at nearly.

Ascending cloud from Mount Redoubt | Redoubt Volcano from an eruption on April 21, 1990.

The most powerful of these eruptions was an explosion in 1915 that sent ash and steam in a tall mushroom cloud, making it the largest recent eruption in the contiguous United States, until the explosion of Mount St. Helens in 1980.

From the 15th to the 20th of April 2010, NATS withdrew its service due to the potential dangers caused by a volcanic ash cloud from the eruption of Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull.

Accretionary lapilli are formed in an eruption column or cloud by moisture or electrostatic forces, with the volcanic ash nucleating on some object and then accreting to it in layers before the accretionary lapillus falls from the cloud.

An ash cloud rose to over 3 km over the volcano, and satellite monitoring indicated that the cloud spread over an area extending west of the volcano in the hours after the eruption.

The eruption cloud shortly before the climactic eruption

However, the eruption in late 1998 of fighting between Sassou Nguesso's government forces and an armed opposition disrupted the transitional return to democracy.

Mount Tambora ’ s eruption disrupted China ’ s monsoon season, resulting in overwhelming floods in the Yangtze Valley in 1816.

Signal attenuation due to volcanic ash is not well documented ; however, there have been reports of disrupted communications following the 1969 Surtsey eruption and 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption.

The eruption in Eyjafjallajökull ( glacier of Eyjafjöll ) in 2010 was notable because the volcanic ash plume disrupted air travel in northern Europe for several weeks ; however, Eyjafjallajökull is a minor volcano in Icelandic terms.

During the following five and a half days of nearly continuous eruption, residents of Nikolski ( 47 miles southwest ) were stranded for periods of up to three weeks ; Unalaska ( 73 miles northeast ) was repeatedly dusted with ash and flights into and out of this major fishing hub were frequently disrupted ; floating rafts of scoria and high visibility prompted the Coast Guard to close Umnak Pass to marine traffic ; and the Bering Pacific cattle ranch on the flanks of Okmok was periodically evacuated, once during noon-time darkness caused by heavy ash fall.

This eruption significantly disrupted air traffic in the area.

However, the ash cloud from the second eruption disrupted air traffic over Great Britain and most of northern and western Europe, making it difficult to travel to Iceland even though Iceland's airspace itself remained open throughout.

Daisy Geyser was one of the Yellowstone geysers that had its eruption interval disrupted by the 2002 Denali earthquake, in Alaska.

The air travel disruption after the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption caused the acceleration to integrate the national air traffic control systems into the Single European Sky and the immediate creation of a crisis coordination group to handle future transport disruptions.

An ash plume from the eruption reached a height of 32, 000 feet before drifting westward, disrupting air traffic from the United States to Asia and causing ashfalls on Alaska's Unimak Island.

The small eruption created a volcanic earthquake of magnitude 2. 8, sending a water plume 200 m into the air and 6-m waves crashing into the wall of the crater.

Called the largest volcanic eruption in historic times in the contiguous United States, Kelso received large amounts of volcanic ash through the air and from the massive mudflow caused by the eruption transported by the Toutle and Cowlitz Rivers.

Major disruptions to air travel in the 21st century included the closing of U. S. airspace due to the September 11 attacks, and the closing of most of European airspace after the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull.

Prior to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, the only known fatality related to volcanic activity in the Cascades occurred in 1934 when a climber suffocated in oxygen-poor air while exploring ice caves melted by fumaroles in Coalman Glacier.

In the 1990s a further US $ 100 million of damage was sustained by commercial aircraft ( some in the air, others on the ground ) as a consequence of the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines.

In such an eruption, the material ejected from the vent heats the surrounding air and the turbulent mixture rises, through convection, for many kilometres.

It has been conjectured that these changes were due to ashes or dust thrown into the air after the impact of a comet or meteorite, or after the eruption of a volcano ( a phenomenon known as " volcanic winter ").

On 5 August 2012 a minor eruption occurred, sending ash into the air.

During the eruption, ash was sent thousands of metres into the air and the subsequent rain of ash caused 80 % of the buildings in Rabaul to collapse.

Having faded in popularity as it was, in the wake of the hugely popular Twenty-One championship of Charles Van Doren, Question and Challenge were yanked off the air within three months of the quiz show scandal's eruption.

The erupted magma resulted in more than of air fall and approximately of ash-flow tuff Only the 1991 eruption of Mt.

Since World War II, it has provided air defense in the Far East, primarily the Philippines, until the 1991 eruption of Mt.

Lapilli is a size classification term for tephra, which is material that falls out of the air during a volcanic eruption or during some meteorite impacts.

The eruption was heard clearly as far away as Blenheim and the effects of the ash in the air were observed as far south as Christchurch, over 800 km south.

The April 2010 UK naval operation to ship British military personnel and air passengers stranded in continental Europe by the air travel disruption after the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption back to the UK was named Operation Cunningham after him.

The eruption column that caused the air fall “ occasionally rose to 9, 000 metres ( 30, 000 ft ), or nearly to the tropopause ”.