The study of altruism was the initial impetus behind George R. Price's development of the Price equation, which is a mathematical equation used to study genetic evolution.

Influenced by the German tradition, Boas argued that the world was full of distinct cultures, rather than societies whose evolution could be measured by how much or how little " civilization " they had.

Since the evolution of the Aramaic alphabet out of the Phoenician one was a gradual process, the division of the world's alphabets into those derived from the Phoenician one directly and those derived from Phoenician via Aramaic is somewhat artificial.

He also was a promoter of the New Text school, which considered Confucius as a divine figure and a spiritual ruler of China, who foresaw and started the evolution of the world towards the Universal Peace.

An eminent member of this school, Georges Duby, wrote in the foreword of his book Le dimanche de Bouvines that the history he taught relegated the sensational to the sidelines and was reluctant to give a simple accounting of events, but strived on the contrary to pose and solve problems and, neglecting surface disturbances, to observe the long and medium-term evolution of economy, society and civilisation.

Some theories have been put forward that the anthropocentric belief in animism among early humans was the basis for the later evolution of religions.

Spencerian evolution was for individual rights and against government interference.

The development of the anus was an important stage in the evolution of multicellular animals.

The Bronx's evolution from a hot bed of Latin jazz to an incubator of hip hop was the subject of an award-winning documentary, produced by City Lore and broadcast on PBS in 2006, " From Mambo to Hip Hop: A South Bronx Tale ".

Some of Whorf's unpublished manuscripts on spirituality also suggest that he was influenced by the ideas of Helena Blavatsky the founder of the Theosophical Society who wrote about cosmic evolution, a belief that regards reincarnation to be the source of evolution of human races towards continuously higher forms.

It is thought that the group evolved in the seas, but was forced into temporary pools and hypersaline lakes by the evolution of bony fishes.

Persistence at subsequent MR scan was reduced from 18 lesions to one lesion, and evolution to black holes was reduced from 28 to six lesions.

A further development was the evolution of the blues ballad, which mixed the genre with Afro-American music.

The first step in the evolution of the Breviary was the separation of the Psalter into a choir-book.

Wrangham proposed cooking was instrumental in human evolution, as it reduced the time required for foraging and led to an increase in brain size.

Their evolution was aided by the appearance of bees ; in fact angiosperms and insects are a good example of coevolution.

The Cretaceous was also an important interval in the evolution of bioerosion, the production of borings and scrapings in rocks, hardgrounds and shells ( Taylor and Wilson, 2003 ).

He also was a promoter of the New Text school, which considered Confucius as a divine figure and a spiritual ruler of China, who foresaw and started the evolution of the world towards the Universal Peace.

However, the evolution has stopped by itself when the last descendant, an enormously large crab, was created, being unable to reproduce itself due to lack of energy and materials.

With the publication of Darwin's theory of evolution in 1859, the concept of a " natural system " of taxonomy gained a theoretical basis, and the idea was born that groups used in a system of classification should represent branches on the evolutionary tree of life.

While this might suggest that the Earth is at the center of the Universe, the Copernican principle requires us to interpret it as evidence for the evolution of the Universe with time: this distant light has taken most of the age of the Universe to reach and shows us the Universe when it was young.

However, as discussed below, many of his letters show he was fairly open to the idea of evolution.

The book was widely regarded as a disappointment because of Lyell's equivocal treatment of evolution.

Alister McGrath, a Christian theologian, has also commented critically on Dawkins ' analysis, suggesting that " memes have no place in serious scientific reflection ", that there is strong evidence that such ideas are not spread by random processes, but by deliberate intentional actions, that " evolution " of ideas is more Lamarckian than Darwinian, and that there is no evidence ( and certainly none in the article ) that epidemiological models usefully explain the spread of religious ideas.

As a history of facts and theories, the book has many faults ; as an essay on the evolution of the religious idea, it is ( despite some passages of frivolity, irony, or incoherence ) of extraordinary importance ; as a reflection of the mind of Renan, it is the most lifelike of images.

Once again the evolution of the sculpture as described in the play can be read as a reflection on the transformation undergone by Rubek himself and even as a statement on the progression Ibsen's own plays took as many scholars have read this final play ( stated by Ibsen himself to be an ' epilogue ') as the playwright's reflection on his own work as an artist.

In a profile of Bester for Continuum Encyclopedia of American Literature ( 2005 ), critic Steven H. Gale cited the novel as a reflection of the author's maturation, addressing as it does " the continued evolution of humankind as a species ", a grander theme than those treated with in his earlier work.

His images are clever, charming and sophisticated and his personal artistic development comes close to a reflection of the overall evolution of black-figure Attic vase painting at that time.

Research in the field of literature focuses on the reception of Russian literature and culture in the Czech environment, on interdisciplinarity in literary theory and the methodology of literary theory ( East and West: evolution of Slavic and Western aesthetic and philosophical thought, literary movements, cultural eras and literary forms in general ; comparative genealogical and hermeneutic reflection: theory and methodology, depth hermeneutics and its spiritual and moral dimensions ; the evolution of worldwide literary theory ; comparative morphology of history and culture, consilience of literature and philosophy ).

" Alister McGrath has responded by arguing that " memes have no place in serious scientific reflection ", that there is strong evidence that such ideas are not spread by random processes, but by deliberate intentional actions, that " evolution " of ideas is more Lamarckian than Darwinian, and that there is no evidence ( and certainly none in the essay ) that epidemiological models usefully explain the spread of religious ideas.

( the daughter ), rather it is a " reflection on the evolution of hip hop, through our eyes.

The evolution of a novel feature may permit a clade to diversify by making new areas of morphospace accessible.

Birds find other ways to provide for each other, i. e. the evolution of flight opened new avenues for evolution to explore, initiating an adaptive radiation.

The availability of genome sequences provides a new opportunity for scientists to learn more about the evolution and biochemical capacity of these parasite.

In the field of Environmental Microbiology, genome-based global studies open a new era providing unprecedented in silico views of metabolic and regulatory networks, as well as clues to the evolution of degradation pathways and to the molecular adaptation strategies to changing environmental conditions.

Such an evolution is common as a new field transitions from being an interdisciplinary specialization among already-established fields, to being considered a field in itself.

Promising " evolution to avoid revolution ", he pioneered a new campaign style of appealing directly to the masses with florid oratory and charisma.

As the Starchild's transformation of Jupiter occurs ( it becomes engulfed with monoliths ), the crew of the Leonov make good their exit, and Bowman gives one last message via HAL, warning the human race not to attempt future contact with Europa, where the new mini-sun has melted the oceans and ushered in a new era of evolution.

Nevertheless, new interest in evolution in and around 1977 inspired developmental biologists to look more closely at Haeckel's illustrations.

This argued for the idea of the evolution of new species from earlier ones.

An example of modern paleontological progress is the application of synchrotron X-ray tomographic techniques to early Cambrian bilaterian embryonic microfossils that has recently yielded new insights of metazoan evolution at its earliest stages.

We believe in evolution because the evidence supports it, and we would abandon it overnight if new evidence arose to dispute it.

Horror films ' evolution throughout the years has given society a new approach to resourcefully utilize their benefits.

Given these, a new term Anthropocene, is specifically proposed and used informally for the latest part of this epoch since approximately synchronous lithospheric evidence, or more recently atmospheric evidence, of human impacts have been found on the Earth and its ecosystems ; these impacts may be considered of global significance for future evolution of living species.

Other primates have sweat gland in their armpits that function as those of humans, and thus it is probable that human sweat glands evolved from a similar distribution, spreading to more areas of the body, rather than occurring through evolution of a new trait.

In the novel Childhood's End ( 1953 ) by Arthur C. Clarke, all humans have a collective premonition, also described as a memory of the future, of horned aliens which arrive to usher in a new phase of human evolution.

The question of the time lines for the evolution and the spreading of the contemporary languages is controversial, and new theories challenging older postulations have been introduced continuously.

" Behe specifically explained that the " current definition puts the focus on removing a part from an already functioning system ", but the " difficult task facing Darwinian evolution, however, would not be to remove parts from sophisticated pre-existing systems ; it would be to bring together components to make a new system in the first place ".

The results of such Genetic Algorithms are frequently irreducibly complex since the process, like evolution, both removes non-essential components over time as well as adding new components.

He later travels to Earth-616 where he joins forces with Archangel on his quest to eradicate all life on Earth so he could create a new evolution process.

In young Earth creationism and baraminology a central tenet is that evolution can explain diversity in a limited number of created kinds which can interbreed ( which they call " microevolution ") while the formation of new " kinds " ( which they call " macroevolution ") is impossible.

In nature, the mutations that arise may be beneficial or deleterious-it is the driving force of evolution, an organism may acquire new traits through genetic mutation, but mutation may also result in impaired function of the genes, and in severe cases, causing the death of the organism.

In evolution, the most important role of such chromosomal rearrangements may be to accelerate the divergence of a population into new species by making populations less likely to interbreed, and thereby preserving genetic differences between these populations.

The soul gathers sanskaras ( impressions ) in each form ; these impressions lead to further evolution expressed by taking new, more complex forms.