Some mechanisms, termed domain-specific, deal with recurrent adaptive problems over the course of human evolutionary history.

Gaia concept draws a connection between the survivability of a species ( hence its evolutionary course ) and its usefulness to the survival of other species.

In this, of course, he has been born out by modern neuropsychology which now can describe both discrete cognitive capacities ( see Howard Gardner's work on " multiple intelligences ") and discrete neurological evolutionary " modules " which account for these abilities ( for example, as described in Joseph Ledoux's book The Synaptic Self ).

The same is of course also true for evolution strategies and evolutionary programming.

What does have that implication is not evolutionary theory itself, but unguided evolution, the idea that neither God nor any other person has taken a hand in guiding, directing or orchestrating the course of evolution.

It may be a vestigial organ, evolutionary baggage, of ancient humans that has degraded down to nearly nothing over the course of evolution.

Although much is known about karyotypes at the descriptive level, and it is clear that changes in karyotype organization has had effects on the evolutionary course of many species, it is quite unclear what the general significance might be.

Picture of the future of a holistic UN / CEFACT-based e-Business stack: " From EDI to UN / CEFACT-An Evolutionary Path towards a Next Generation e-Business Stack ": In the course of the NCEB2006 conference ( 5th International Conference on e-Business ), an evolutionary path towards the most promising solution in e-Business and e-Government that is developed by UN / CEFACT is presented.

Of course, while this is true, it is equally likely that the study of the social ( group ) behaviors of other animals might shed light on the evolutionary roots of social behavior in people.

As one commentator put it, " Over the course of human history, we have been successful in cultivating our faculties, shaping our development, and impacting upon the wider world in a deliberate fashion, quite distinct from evolutionary processes ".

Over the course of many generations the evolutionary process would ensure that human beings would become less aggressive and increasingly altruistic, leading eventually to a perfect society in which no one would cause another person pain.

Of course, many sociologists still use him ( knowingly or otherwise ) in their analyses, especially due to the recent re-emergence of evolutionary theory.

If, of course, it were possible to predict the change in the parameters, then there would be other parameters which were unchanged, but the search for ultimately stable parameters in evolutionary systems is futile, for they probably do not exist .... Social systems have Heisenberg principles all over the place, for we cannot predict the future without changing it.

According to some evolutionary psychologists, it may also reflect the output of evolved cognitive processes of the human mind which have been adapted in the course of human evolution.

Many plant species have, over the course of their evolutionary history, developed physical and chemical defense mechanisms to deter herbivores.

A work on the course of morphological differentiation in the Sphacelariaceae ( 1873 ), a family of marine algae, is of great interest, inasmuch as it treats of evolutionary questions ; the authors point of view is that of Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli ( 1817-1891 ) rather than Darwin.

The closest living relatives of the lutungs are probably either the gray langurs or the surili, although the exact relationships remain unclear, possibly due to hybridisation between these genera during the course of their recent evolutionary history.

Naming it the Collective Unconscious, Jung theorized that this region contained psychological elements not developed during the course of our own lives, but passed on through our common evolutionary history to all members of our species.

Provine has stated that he starts his course on evolutionary biology by getting his students to read Johnson's book Darwin on Trial.

Furthermore, the need to encode everything into a child's brain has increased the average Neanderthal head size to the point that, by the time of the first novel, women of the Clan are having trouble giving birth to their large-headed babies — a sign that their evolutionary strategy has run its course.

* The field of evolutionary psychology explores the idea that certain behaviors have been selected for during the course of evolution.

In evolutionary psychology this may be applied to a wide range of human behaviors such as charity, emergency aid, help to coalition partners, tipping, courtship gifts, production of public goods, and environmentalism.

Botany covers a wide range of scientific disciplines including structure, growth, reproduction, metabolism, development, diseases, chemical properties, and evolutionary relationships among taxonomic groups.

Representing presumptive evolutionary relationships, especially given the wide acceptance of cladistic methodology and numerous molecular phylogenies that have challenged long-accepted classifications, within the framework of Linnaean taxonomy, is sometimes seen as problematic.

He also contributed to evolutionary developmental biology, and has received wide praise for his book Ontogeny and Phylogeny.

A passionate advocate of evolutionary theory, Gould wrote prolifically on the subject, trying to communicate his understanding of contemporary evolutionary biology to a wide audience.

Scientific research work on birds has been conducted on all continents, and the major research themes of the EGI, population and evolutionary ecology of birds, have been supplemented by a very wide range of research activities.

Currently evolutionary programming is a wide evolutionary computing dialect with no fixed structure or ( representation ), in contrast with some of the other dialects.

This massive stellar census will provide the basic observational data to tackle a wide range of important problems related to the origin, structure, and evolutionary history of our Galaxy.

The scientific field that OTELO will allow tackling is very wide, and encompasses evolutionary studies of Ly alpha emitters, QSO, AGN, star-forming populations ( specifically the faint end luminosity ), Emissión line ellipticals ( detectable depending upon its evolution ), chemical evolution of the Universe between z = 0. 24 and z = 1. 5, mass / luminosity relation vs. morphological type and redshift ( up to z = 1. 5 ), Tully-Fisher relation up to z = 1. 5 and derivation of cosmological parameters.

The wide variety of siderophores may be due to evolutionary pressures placed on microbes to produce structurally different siderophores which cannot be transported by other microbes ' specific active transport systems, or in the case of pathogens deactivated by the host organism.

Globally there is a wide variety of views on the topic ; in some countries legislation forbids teachers to discuss either the evidence for evolution or the modern evolutionary synthesis, the explanatory scientific theory of evolution.

After studying a wide variety of geologic literature, Price deduced that the “ actual facts of the rocks and fossils, stripped of mere theories, splendidly refute this evolutionary theory of the invariable order of the fossils, which is the very backbone of the evolutionary doctrine .” He had read of strata containing fossils of a young era lying conformably on strata containing fossils of very old eras.

In the same year the anonymous Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation brought wide public interest in evolutionary ideas, but also showed the need for sound evidence to gain scientific acceptance of evolution.

Darwinism became a movement covering a wide range of evolutionary ideas.

In his 1999 book The Age of Spiritual Machines Kurzweil proposed " The Law of Accelerating Returns ", according to which the rate of change in a wide variety of evolutionary systems ( including but not limited to the growth of technologies ) tends to increase exponentially.

61, pp. 482-5 )) One feature of his work that has won fairly wide acceptance among sociologists, as reflected in its incorporation into leading introductory textbooks in the discipline, is his ecological and evolutionary typology of human societies first proposed in Power and Privilege and enhanced later in Human Societies and other publications This typology is based on a combination of two elements: ( 1 ) the kind of environment to which the society must adapt, and ( 2 ) its level of technological development.

And on an evolutionary level, that man has been on this planet for 3 million years, so that you have this number line that goes like this wide apart.

The extent of their differences from other swallows and the wide geographical separation of these two martins suggest that they are relict populations of a group of species that diverged from the main swallow lineage early in its evolutionary history, and they may be the most primitive of the swallows.

A wide set of data in human evolutionary genetics ( Jobling, Hurles and Tyler-Smith, 2004 ) strongly favour the “ Out of Africa " model.

Bryozoans ' evolutionary relationships to other phyla are also unclear, partly because scientists ' view of the family tree of animals is mainly influenced by better-known phyla.

Attempts to produce evolutionary " family trees " give results that differ from traditional classes because several of those classes are not monophyletic.

The term ' family ' comes from the tree model of language origination in historical linguistics, which makes use of a metaphor comparing languages to people in a biological family tree or in a subsequent modification to species in a phylogenetic tree of evolutionary taxonomy.

Classifying ancient organisms is also difficult, as many do not fit well into the Linnean taxonomy that is commonly used for classifying living organisms, and palaeontologists more often use cladistics to draw up evolutionary " family trees ".

For example geochemical signatures from rocks may help to discover when life first arose on Earth, and analyses of carbon isotope ratios may help to identify climate changes and even to explain major transitions such as the Permian – Triassic extinction event .< ref name =" Twitchett "> A relatively recent discipline, molecular phylogenetics, often helps by using comparisons of different modern organisms ' DNA and RNA to re-construct evolutionary " family trees "; it has also been used to estimate the dates of important evolutionary developments, although this approach is controversial because of doubts about the reliability of the " molecular clock ".

The discovery of the family has provided scientists a unique view into human evolutionary history.

Tree structures are used to depict all kinds of taxonomic knowledge, such as family trees, the biological evolutionary tree, the evolutionary tree of a language family, the grammatical structure of a language ( a key example being S → NP VP, meaning a sentence is a noun phrase and a verb phrase, with each in turn having other components which have other components ), the way web pages are logically ordered in a web site, mathematical trees of integer sets, et cetera.

Calling transhumans the " earliest manifestation of new evolutionary beings ", FM argued that signs of transhumans included physical and mental augmentations including prostheses, reconstructive surgery, intensive use of telecommunications, a cosmopolitan outlook and a globetrotting lifestyle, androgyny, mediated reproduction ( such as in vitro fertilisation ), absence of religious beliefs, and a rejection of traditional family values.

Although its evolutionary relationships are not fully understood, the Ibisbill appears to be most closely related to a group including the oystercatchers, avocets, stilts and Pluvialis plovers, but sufficiently distinctive to merit its own family, Ibidorhynchidae.

The duplicated pseudogenic DNA can be resurrected to a functional protein in certain cases as a rare or occasional evolutionary event and may enable sampling of more sequence space for a protein or protein family.

The gnetophytes evolutionary relationships remain unclear: in some classifications, all three genera are placed in a single order ( Gnetales ), while in other classifications they are distributed among three orders, each containing a single family and genus.

Molecular studies by several groups of authors, as of 2008, have confirmed that the baccate ( fleshy ) fruits evolved twice from capsular fruits, and as such the two subfamily classification does not accurately portray the phylogenetic (= evolutionary ) history of the family.

The family was originally described in 1888 by German mycologist Joseph Schröter to accommodate the chanterelles, which at that time were thought to be an evolutionary link between " primitive " Thelephora species with smooth hymenophores ( spore-bearing surfaces ) and more " advanced " Agaricus species with gilled hymenophores.

The Plant Family Collection, which takes about a third of BBG's total area, includes plants and trees arranged by family to show their evolutionary progression from most primitive to most recently evolved.

The VIC cipher can be regarded as the evolutionary pinnacle of the Nihilist cipher family.

Phylogenetic analyses of sequences of five plastid DNA regions, rbcL, rps4, trnL – F, matK, and rps16, confirm most aspects of the traditional classification of the Iridaceae in four subfamilies and the evolutionary patterns that they imply, importantly the sister relationship of Isophysidoideae to the remainder of the family and the monophyly of Iridoideae.

The maned wolf's evolutionary relationship to the other members of the canid family makes it a unique animal.

Although phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of parrotfishes is still ongoing, it is now accepted that they are a clade in the tribe Cheilini, and are now commonly referred to as scarine labrids ( subfamily Scarinae, family Labridae ).

Approximately 5 million years later ( 58 mya ), only a short time afterward from an evolutionary perspective, the infraorder Tarsiiformes, whose only remaining family is that of the tarsier ( Tarsiidae ), branched off from the other haplorhines.