In this engine the intake and exhaust strokes are eliminated and ports are used instead of valves.

* The sides of the piston act like the valves, covering and uncovering the intake and exhaust ports drilled into the side of the cylinder wall.

* Intake and exhaust ports: Ports that carry fresh fuel-air mixture into the combustion chamber and products of combustion away

Again the piston moves from bottom dead center to top dead center and the fuel-air mixture is compressed when the both the exhaust port and transfer ports are covered.

With cross scavenging, the transfer ( inlet to the cylinder ) and exhaust ports are on directly facing sides of the cylinder wall.

The Renesis engine relocated the ports for exhaust and intake from the periphery of the rotary housing to the sides, allowing for larger overall ports, better airflow, and further power gains.

Early Wankel engines had also side intake and exhaust ports, but the concept was abandoned because of carbon buildup in ports and side of rotor.

Yanmar Diesel of Japan, produced some small, charge-cooled rotor rotary engines for uses such as chainsaws and outboard engines, some of their contributions are that the LDR ( rotor recess in the leading edge of combustion chamber ) engines had better exhaust emissions profiles, and that reed-valve controlled intake ports improve part-load and low RPM performance.

In a crossflow engine, the transfer and exhaust ports are on opposite sides of the cylinder, and a deflector on the top of the piston directs the fresh intake charge into the upper part of the cylinder, pushing the residual exhaust gas down the other side of the deflector and out the exhaust port.

The valves are normally in or around the exhaust ports.

In the case of Schnuerle ported and loop-scavenged engines, intake and exhaust happens via piston-controlled ports.

A uniflow diesel engine takes in air via scavenge ports, and exhaust gases exit through an overhead poppet valve.

It fits between the piston and the cylinder wall in the cylinder of an internal combustion engine where it rotates and / or slides, ports ( holes ) in the side of the sleeve ( s ) aligning with the cylinder's inlet and exhaust ports at the appropriate stages in the engine's cycle.

* An inherent disadvantage is that the piston in its course partially obscures the ports, thus making it difficult for gases to flow during the crucial overlap between the intake and exhaust valve timing usual in modern engines.

Poppet valves are used in most piston engines to open and close the intake and exhaust ports in the cylinder head.

The overhead camshaft design adds more valvetrain components that ultimately incur in more complexity and higher manufacturing costs, but this is easily offset by many advantages over the older OHV design: multi-valve design, higher RPM limit and design freedom to better place valves, ignition ( Spark-ignition engine ) and intake / exhaust ports.

Both the United States and European Union have limits to nitrogen oxide emissions, which necessitate the use of a special catalytic converter or treatment of the exhaust with urea ( see AdBlue ).

* Compound engine, a steam engine in which steam is expanded through a series of two or three cylinders before exhaust.

Electrophoresis is performed in buffer solutions to reduce pH changes due to the electric field, which is important because the charge of DNA and RNA depends on pH, but running for too long can exhaust the buffering capacity of the solution.

Carbon fuels contain sulfur and impurities that eventually produce sulfur monoxides ( SO ) and sulfur dioxide ( SO < sub > 2 </ sub >) in the exhaust, which promotes acid rain.

All rocket concepts are limited by the rocket equation, which sets the characteristic velocity available as a function of exhaust velocity and mass ratio, of initial ( M < sub > 0 </ sub >, including fuel ) to final ( M < sub > 1 </ sub >, fuel depleted ) mass.

APNIC was the first RIR to exhaust its regional pool on 15 April 2011, except for a small amount of address space reserved for the transition to IPv6, which will be allocated in a much more restricted way.

Rail cars in cities accumulate grime from building and automobile exhaust, while cars in deserts may be subjected to sandstorms which etch or strip paint.

Over half of the supply of palladium and its congener platinum goes into catalytic converters, which convert up to 90 % of harmful gases from auto exhaust ( hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide ) into less-harmful substances ( nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water vapor ).

A plant in Lancaster, Pennsylvania which RCA operated from the late 1940s to June 1986, released more than 250, 000 pounds of pollutants per year from its exhaust stacks.

This was literally true only of the " Monosoupape " ( single valve ) type in which the air supply was taken in through the exhaust valve, and so could not be controlled via the crankcase intake.

For example, from the equation, with an of 0. 7, a rocket flying at Mach 0. 85 ( which most aircraft cruise at ) with an exhaust velocity of Mach 10, would have a predicted overall energy efficiency of 5. 9 %, whereas a conventional, modern, air-breathing jet engine achieves closer to 35 % efficiency.

The return tube was not for rebreathing, but because the air exhaust needed to be as near as possible to the regulator's second stage diaphragm, to avoid pressure differences, which would cause a free-flow of gas, or extra resistance to breathing, according to the diver's orientation in the water — head-up, head-down, or level.

Another braking feature of semi-trucks is the engine braking, which could be either compression brake ( usually shortened to " Jake brake ") or exhaust brake or combination of both.

It is much harder to design a divertor ( the section of the wall that receives the exhaust power from the plasma ) in a stellarator, the out-of-plane magnetic coils ( common in many modern stellarators and possibly all future ones ) are much harder to manufacture than the simple, planar coils which suffice for a tokamak, and the utilization of the magnetic field volume and strength is generally poorer than in tokamaks.

In other cases the exhaust is connected to a backing pump, which produces a pressure low enough for the turbomolecular pump to work efficiently.

The Tesla turbine has the trait of being in an installation normally working with a mixture of steam and products of combustion and in which the exhaust heat is used to provide steam which is supplied to the turbine, providing a valve governing the supply of such last mentioned steam so that the pressures and temperatures can be adjusted to the optimum working conditions.

If the turbine uses a gas which is liquid at room temperature then you can use a condenser after the exhaust to increase the pressure difference.

With its mediocre performance, outdated and inefficient two-stroke engine ( which returned poor fuel economy for the car's size and produced heavy exhaust ), and production shortages, the Trabant is often cited as an example of the disadvantages of centralized planning ; on the other hand, it is regarded with derisive affection as a symbol of the failed former East Germany and of the fall of communism ( in former West Germany, as many East Germans streamed into West Berlin and West Germany in their Trabants after the opening of the Berlin Wall in 1989 ).

Although many manufacturers licensed the design, including Citroën with their M35 and GS Birotor, using engines produced by Comotor, General Motors, which seems to have concluded that the Wankel engine was slightly more expensive to build than an equivalent reciprocating engine, although claiming having solved the fuel economy issue, but failed in obtaining acceptable exhaust emissions, and Mercedes-Benz which used it for their C111 concept car, only Mazda has produced Wankel engines in large numbers.

The shape and positioning of rotor recess-combustion chamber-influences emissions and fuel economy, the MDR being chosen as a compromise, but which shape of the combustion recess gives better results in terms of fuel economy and exhaust emissions varies depending on the number and placement of plugs per chamber of the individual engine.

All of these produce an instantaneous increase in burn surface area and a corresponding increase in exhaust gas and pressure, which may rupture the casing.

While earlier ( and later ) Fours had inlet-over-exhaust ( IOE ) cylinder heads with overhead inlet valves and side exhaust valves, the 1936-1937 Indian Four had a unique EOI cylinder head, with the positions reversed.

The ends of the nacelles have the earlier version series of exhaust ports instead of a dome.

Lower exhaust velocities also figure strongly in lower noise output which is a decided advantage over earlier low or zero bypass designs.

The exhaust release point occurs earlier in the power stroke and compression earlier in the exhaust stroke.

The inclusion of extras including carbonfibre decoration in the interior makes it different from the earlier lightweight, spartan 964 Turbo S. The 993 Turbo S is recognized by yellow brake calipers, a slightly larger rear wing, a 4-pipe exhaust and air scoops behind the doors.

At moderate engine speeds, the intake valves open much earlier, which boosts torque and permits exhaust gas re-circulation inside the combustion chambers, reducing fuel consumption and exhaust emissions.

However, the operation of the camshafts in the 24 valve engine is different from that of the earlier 12 valve engine, in that the front camshaft only operates the intake valves, and the rear camshaft only operates the exhaust valves.

The engine was revised in 1995 ( and thereafter referred to as a 4. 0 to differentiate it from the earlier version, although displacement remained the same at 3, 946 cc ) with a new intake and exhaust system, extra block ribbing, revised pistons, and larger cross-bolted main-bearings.

Output ranged from 145 to 175 hp ( 108 and 130 kW respectively ), depending on exhaust system, emissions controls, compression ratio, intake runner shape ( earlier models had round intake runners and later models had D-shaped intake runners ), and ECU tuning.

" Heat Riser ".... now obsolete, earlier manifolds ... with ' wet runners ' for carbureted engines ... used exhaust gas diversion through the intake manifold to provide vaporizing heat.

As the intake valve is also opened earlier in relation to the exhaust valves, the valve overlap ( the period both inlet and exhaust valves are simultaneously open ) is also increased at this mode.

1973 and earlier cars featured a gasoline powered cabin heater, with later 181s adopting heat exchangers used by the beetle and air boxes on the rear vents to reduce the intake of dust and exhaust.

Unlike the earlier SS. 10 which steered similar to an airplane with small flight controls, called " spoilers ", located on the missiles wings, the SS. 11 is steered in flight by unique system developed by NORD for France's first air-to-air missile, the AA. 20, called TVC ( thrust vectoring control ) where four small vanes are located around the sustainer's exhaust which under command momentarily push into the sustainer's thrust causing the missile to move in the direction commanded.

During the race the two drivers suffered from extreme heat in the cockpit due to the exhaust pipes being routed inside the bodywork, a problem that had not been so troublesome in earlier, shorter, races.