Mazzini believed that Italian unification could only be achieved through a popular uprising, but after the failure of the 1848 revolutions, the Italian nationalists began to look to the Kingdom of Sardinia and its prime minister Count Cavour as the leaders of the unification movement.

Avakian contests the conventional wisdom that the experience of the communist revolutions of the 20th century has proven the failure of communism.

In the early years after the failure of the revolutions of 1848, a group of German Forty-Eighters and others met in a salon organized by Baroness Méry von Bruiningk in St. John's Wood, England.

In recognising the frequent occurrence of workers ' revolutions in modern world history, SA argue that while revolutions are an inevitability due to the crisis-ridden nature of capitalist society, the success or failure of revolutions is dependent on the existence of a mass party that can challenge the hegemony of the reformist trade union leadership and provide a political lead to working-class radicalisations.

Alan Swingewood and others emphasize that the Frankfurt theory has to be seen in the light of left-wing frustrations about the failure of proletarian revolutions early this century, and the easy submission of the European nations to fascism.

Following his conquest of most of Western Europe, the first Napoleon made his elder brother Joseph ( 1768 – 1844 ) king first of Naples ( 1806 – 1808 ) and then of Spain ( 1808 – 1813 ), his third brother Louis ( 1778 – 1846 ) king of Holland ( 1806 – 1810 ) ( subsequently forcing his abdication after his failure to subordinate Dutch interests to those of France ) and his youngest brother Jérôme Bonaparte ( 1784 – 1860 ) king of Westphalia, the short-lived realm created from some of the states of northwestern Germany ( 1807 – 1813 ).

" The directive comported with the view of General Lucius D. Clay and the Joint Chief of Staff over growing communist influence in Germany, as well as of the failure of the rest of the European economy to recover without the German industrial base on which it previously had been dependent.

After independence from Russia in 1917, the Finnish Civil War, including interventions by Imperial Germany and Soviet Russia, and failure of the Communist revolution, resulted in the official ban on Communism, and strengthening relations with Western countries.

With American entry into the war in 1917 on the Allied side, and the failure of Germany's spring offensive, Germany was out of manpower.

After the collapse of the short-lived Third Reich, and the failure of its attempt to create a great land empire in Eurasia, Germany was split between Western and Soviet spheres of influence until Perestroika and the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Studio interference, possibly spurred by political pressure from Nazi Germany, led to the film's being altered from Whale's vision and The Road Back was a critical and commercial failure.

The later Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm remarked that " One cannot say Marx died a failure " because, although he had not achieved a large following of disciples in Britain, his writings had already begun to make an impact on the leftist movements in Germany and Russia.

He died of sudden heart failure at the age of 79, on 5 December 2007 at his home in Kürten, Germany.

In 1933, Japan simply withdrew from the League rather than submit to its judgement, as did Germany the same year ( using the failure of the World Disarmament Conference to agree to arms parity between France and Germany as a pretext ), and Italy in 1937.

Innocent XII's pontificate also differed greatly to those of his predecessors because of his leanings towards France instead of Germany ; the first in the 20 years following France's failure to have its candidate elected in 1644 and 1655.

In August 1939, after another failure of attempts to establish a counter-Nazism alliance with Britain and France, and after Western powers had engaged in the policy of Appeasement with Nazi Germany, the Soviet government finally agreed to establish peaceful relations by concluding the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, pledging non-aggression between the two countries and dividing their spheres of influence in Eastern Europe.

In West Germany there was anger among leftist youth at the post-war denazification in West and East Germany, which was perceived as a failure or as ineffective, as former ( actual and supposed ) Nazis held positions in government and economy.

The Ruhr was an industrial region of Germany taken over by the military forces of the French Third Republic and Belgium, in response to the failure of the Weimar Republic under Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno to keep paying the World War I reparations.

Great numbers of cattle die in Italy, as they had in previous years ( 1559, 1562, 1566, 1590, 1598 ) in other European regions when harvest failure also drives people to the brink of starvation ( for example, 1595 – 1597 in Germany ).

Chancellor Helmut Kohl of West Germany had decided to visit Moscow to negotiate German reunification, signalling to Powell that the last gasp of American power in Europe to be replaced by a new balance of power not resting on military force but on the " recognition of the restraints which the ultimate certainty of failure places upon the ambitions of the respective national states.

The news of this failure increased the disorder in Germany, but the king met with some success in his efforts to restore peace.

While historically Peter's planned war against Denmark was seen as being a political failure, recent scholarship has portrayed it as part of a pragmatic plan to expand Russian power westwards — he saw gaining territory and influence in Denmark and Northern Germany as more useful to Russia than taking East Prussia.

During the Russian Revolution of 1917 Rosenberg supported the counter-revolutionaries ; following their failure he emigrated to Germany in 1918 along with Max Scheubner-Richter who served as something of a mentor to Rosenberg and to his ideology.

The author describes the history of German settlements in Central and Eastern Europe since the 12th century, the impact of the Treaties of Versailles and St. Germain on German minorities left in Poland and Czechoslovakia, the failure of the League of Nations system of minority protection, the outbreak of World War II and crimes committed by the Nazis, followed by the fate of the refugees from the former Eastern parts of Germany ( Silesia, East Prussia, Pomerania, East Brandenburg ), as well as the fate of German minorities in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union.

With the failure of the 1942 campaign in the east ( Case Blue ), and the buildup of US forces in Africa and Britain, Germany was on the strategic defensive from 1943 onwards.

The USSR had been overtly hostile to Nazi Germany for most of the pre-war period, but the failure of appeasement convinced Stalin that the Allies were weak at best, or at worst actively seeking a Nazi-Soviet war.

With the failure of the British attempt to force a crossing of the Rhine at Arnhem ( Operation Market Garden ) in late September, the chance of invading Germany before the winter set in was lost, and Rundstedt was given time to consolidate his position.

By the 1860s, failure of the policy became apparent, leading to the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and creation of a personal union between the crowns of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary.

With the failure of Hungary's efforts to negotiate an armistice with the western Allies, German forces occupied Hungary on March 19, 1944.

The Ottoman failure to capture Vienna in 1529 turned the tide against almost a century of unchecked conquest throughout eastern and central Europe, which had previously directly annexed Central Hungary and established a vassal state in Transylvania in the wake of the Battle of Mohács.

Having signed the Eternal Peace Treaty with Poland in 1686, Russia became a member of the anti-Turkish coalition (" Holy League " — Austria, Venice and Poland ), which was pushing the Turks south after their failure at Vienna in 1683 ( the major result of this war was the liberation of most of Hungary from Turkish rule ).

This led to Brankovic's straining away from Hungary and getting into a closer relationship with the Ottoman Empire, in an effort to protect his realm, as well as to a strong hostility towards Hunyadi and the negotiations ended as a failure.

After the Second Vienna Award ( when Northern Transylvania was lost to Hungary ), confirming Carol's failure to preserve both the country's neutrality and its territorial integrity, Romania was taken over by an Iron Guard dictatorial government ( the National Legionary State ).

However, the failure of the Turks to capture the Habsburg capital in the Battle of Vienna in 1683 frustrated Thököly's plans to become King of Upper Hungary.

He studied at the Hungarian Academy of Fine Arts for three years, but fled Hungary to England in 1956 following the failure of the Hungarian Uprising against the Soviet-backed government.

Later that same year, Lucy and Harold were married, but following the failure of the marriage in 1935 she wandered in France, Italy, Austria and Hungary, visiting the musical capitals of Europe.

While Béla hid at Trogir, Mongols under the leadership of Kadan, in March 1242 at Klis Fortress in Croatia, experienced their first European military failure, while in pursuit for the head of Béla IV of Hungary.

This foray into government policy making, however, ended in a new currency crisis that December and the failure ( compounded by the company's lackluster business performance ) resulted in Born's 1991 ouster from the board ; he was replaced by Chief Operations Officer Octavio Caraballo.

However, the 1964 rebellion ended in failure.

The trip ended as an embarrassing failure however as the Spanish demanded that Charles must convert to Roman Catholicism and remain in Spain for a year after the wedding as hostage to ensure England's compliance with all the terms of the treaty.

The PDP-10 was as much a success as the PDP-6 was a failure ; during its lifetime about 700 mainframe PDP-10s were sold before production ended in 1984.

French invasions in 1795 and 1805 ended in failure.

The exception was the English occupation of Le Havre from October 1562 to June 1563, which ended in failure when Elizabeth's Huguenot allies joined with the Catholics to retake the port.

Both efforts ended in failure.

The Reds ( whose Guards ' total force was approximately 85, 000 troops ) carried out a general offensive from mid-February to early March ; it ended in failure.

Stafford first tried to sell the game to established publishers, but despite being accepted by three different game companies, each attempt ended in failure ; eventually he founded his own game company in 1974, the influential Chaosium, to publish his game.

Founded on 14 June 1848 by the orders of the democratically elected Frankfurt Parliament the Reichsflottes brief existence ended with the failure of the revolution and was disbanded on 2 April 1852 ; thus, the modern Marine celebrates its birthday on 14 June.

His first attempt ended in failure when the Turkish President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who remembered Papen well with considerable distaste from World War I, refused to accept him as Ambassador, complaining in private the nomination of Papen must have been meant as some sort of German sick joke.

The Kirtland era ended in 1838, after the failure of a church-sponsored bank caused widespread defections, and Smith regrouped with the remaining church in Far West, Missouri.

" Stein's fourth expedition to Central Asia, however, ended in a failure so humiliating that he never wrote about it and seldom referred to it.

Although this initially generated a lot of excitement among Saints fans, Ditka's tenure ended up being a failure.

While some have criticized Bukharin for this apparent U-turn, his change of emphasis can be partially explained by the necessity for peace and stability following seven years of war in Russia, and the failure of Communist Revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe, which ended the prospect of worldwide revolution.

Thus, the Frankfurt Parliament ended in failure for the German liberals.

The failure of this program and the effects of the Depression caused such losses that Olds ended his retirement during 1933 and assumed control of REO again, but resigned in 1934.

Their attempt to capture Dharoor Valley was resisted, and ended in failure.

Hosny was also infamous for her love affairs and many marriages which always ended in failure and divorce.

Dawson's first chance to prove himself against an NFL team ended in failure, with his Chiefs losing 35-10 in Super Bowl I, reinforcing the notion that his success was only due to playing in the " inferior league ".

Conflict became inevitable when a French mission, to peacefully bring Laos under French rule: led by Auguste Pavie to King Chulalongkorn ended in failure.

Henry called her his “ rose without a thorn ”, but the marriage ended in failure.

On 5 February 2006 Mbeki said in an interview with SABC television that Zimbabwe had missed a chance to resolve its political crisis in 2004 when secret talks to agree on a new constitution ended in failure.

Reconstruction ended on a note of failure as the civil rights of blacks did not remain secure.