Mr. Richard Preston, executive director of the New Hampshire State Planning and Development Commission, in his remarks to the Governors Conference on Industrial Development at Providence on October 8, 1960, warned against the fallacy of attempting to attract industry solely to reduce the tax rate or to underwrite municipal services such as schools when he said: `` If this is the fundamental reason for a community's interest or if this is the basic approach, success if any will be difficult to obtain ''.

Affirming the consequent, sometimes called converse error, is a formal fallacy, committed by reasoning in the form:

The following is a more subtle version of the fallacy embedded into conversation.

Recent historians using census data have shown that is a fallacy.

Duality with pluralism is considered a logical fallacy.

However, this argument has been described as an example of the fallacy of a statistical confounding effect ; it is now known that a herpesvirus, potentiated by HIV, is responsible for AIDS-associated KS.

He rejects the idea of the naturalistic fallacy as the idea that ethics is in some free-floating realm, writing that the fallacy is to rush from facts to values.

: Compare, for example, such occasions for fallacy as are supplied by " Epimenides is a liar " or " That surface is red ," which may be resolved into " All or some statements of Epimenides are false ," " All or some of the surface is red.

The final paradox attacks presumptions involved in a proposition, and is related to the syllogistic fallacy.

His essay is sometimes regarded as an example of the fallacy of hypostatization.

This is a fallacy.

Moore's argument for the indefinability of “ good ” ( and thus for the fallaciousness of the “ naturalistic fallacy ”) is often called the Open Question Argument ; it is presented in § 13 of Principia Ethica.

Bertrand Russell noted: " The argument does not, to a modern mind, seem very convincing, but it is easier to feel convinced that it must be fallacious than it is to find out precisely where the fallacy lies.

Godwin's law does not claim to articulate a fallacy ; it is instead framed as a memetic tool to reduce the incidence of inappropriate hyperbolic comparisons.

The Gambler's fallacy, also known as the Monte Carlo fallacy ( because its most famous example happened in a Monte Carlo Casino in 1913 ), and also referred to as the fallacy of the maturity of chances, is the belief that if deviations from expected behaviour are observed in repeated independent trials of some random process, future deviations in the opposite direction are then more likely.

It is the fallacy of concluding, on the basis of an unlikely outcome of a random process, that the process is likely to have occurred many times before.

An argumentum ad crumenam argument, also known as an argument to the purse, is a logical fallacy of concluding that a statement is correct because the speaker is rich ( or that a statement is incorrect because the speaker is poor ).

The fallacy lies in concluding that one disjunct must be false because the other disjunct is true ; in fact they may both be true.

As such abduction is formally equivalent to the logical fallacy affirming the consequent or Post hoc ergo propter hoc, because there are multiple possible explanations for.

* Chapter 12 deals with the fallacy of affirming the consequent.

Affirming the consequent is essentially the same as the fallacy of the undistributed middle, but using propositions rather than set membership.

: Bill: Ah, you just committed the affirming the consequent logical fallacy.

This logical fallacy is called affirming the consequent.

The fallacy is similar to affirming the consequent and denying the antecedent.

Indeed, from the perspective of first-order logic, all cases of the fallacy of the undistributed middle are, in fact, examples of affirming the consequent or denying the antecedent, depending on the structure of the fallacious argument.

: This weak analogy, the so-called Van Gogh fallacy, assumes that because P was Q, and I am P, therefore I am Q, when this is not necessarily the case, and is a propositional fallacy known as affirming the consequent .</ div >

Otherwise, to convert the terms of one proposition and not the other renders the rule invalid, violating the sufficient condition and necessary condition of the terms of the propositions, where the violation is that the changed proposition commits the fallacy of denying the antecedent or affirming the consequent by means of illicit conversion

The fallacy relies upon context for its effect: the fact that a question presupposes something does not in itself make the question fallacious.

The fallacious sense of " slippery slope " is often used synonymously with continuum fallacy, in that it ignores the possibility of middle ground and assumes a discrete transition from category A to category B.

Slippery slope fallacies occur when this is not done — an argument that supports the relevant premises is not fallacious and thus isn't a slippery slope fallacy.

Those who insist there is a logical gulf between facts and values, such that it is fallacious to attempt to derive values from facts, include G. E. Moore, who called attempting to do so the Naturalistic fallacy.

:: Rebuttal: To reject the fallacy as inherently fallacious, one would argue that even a lack of precedents would not, by itself, justify keeping the policy, as innovations, such as lending libraries and professional police and firefighting forces, have turned out to have been valuable changes in policy.

A common way anecdotal evidence becomes unscientific is through fallacious reasoning such as the Post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy, the human tendency to assume that if one event happens after another, then the first must be the cause of the second.

Complex questions can but do not have to be fallacious, as in being an informal fallacy.

The fallacy is committed because of this diversion ; it is fallacious to oppose a point on the basis of minor and incidental aspects, rather than responding to the main claim.

First, claiming that " basic beliefs " must exist, amounts to the logical fallacy of argument from ignorance combined with the slippery slope.

* Reductio ad Hitlerum, a logical fallacy in which an argument is connected to Hitler

The second step includes an argument from fallacy.

As he is discussing something which is true about himself, he is not barred from making an argument which considers subjective facts, and so he does not commit the fallacy.

Ignoratio elenchi, also known as irrelevant conclusion, irrelevant thesis or fallacy of distraction, is the informal fallacy of presenting an argument that may in itself be valid, but does not address the issue in question.

In this use of equivocation, the word " light " is first used as the opposite of " heavy ", but then used as a synonym of " bright " ( the fallacy usually becomes obvious as soon as one tries to translate this argument into another language ).

In debate or rhetoric, a slippery slope ( also known as thin end of the wedge-or sometimes " edge " in US English-or the camel's nose ) is a classic form of argument, arguably an informal fallacy.

The slippery slope argument remains a fallacy if such a chain is not established.

Moore's open question argument against what he considered the naturalistic fallacy was largely responsible for the birth of meta-ethical research in contemporary analytic philosophy.

Moore advanced an argument for the indefinability of " good " ( and demonstrating the " naturalistic fallacy ") which is known as the Open Question Argument.

A straw man, known in the UK as an Aunt Sally, is a type of argument and is an informal fallacy based on misrepresentation of an opponent's position.

The straw man fallacy occurs in the following pattern of argument:

This form of argument is an informal fallacy, because the attack Q may not necessarily reveal anything about the truth value of the premise P. This fallacy has been identified since the Middle Ages by many philosophers.

An argument that contains a formal fallacy will always be invalid.

An informal fallacy is an error in reasoning that occurs due to a problem with the content, rather than mere structure, of the argument.

One could argue that the argument is based on a non-sequitur fallacy since it may not have been capitalism itself that was the cause, but rather the little state authority, which would make it an argument for libertarianism or anarchism in general, ranging from anarcho-capitalism to anarcho-communism.

Such rhetorical devices, discussed in more detail below, are: " ignoring the question " to divert argument to unrelated issues using a red herring ; making the argument personal ( argumentum ad hominem ) and discrediting the opposition's character, " begging the question " ( petitio principi ), the use of the non-sequitur, false cause and effect ( post hoc ergo propter hoc ), bandwagoning ( everyone says so ), the " false dilemma " or " either-or fallacy " in which the situation is oversimplified, " card-stacking " or selective use of facts, " false equivalence ", and " false analogy ".