By January 26 Shirazi issued another fatwa repealing the first and permitting tobacco use, " and Iranians began smoking again .” The fatwa has been called a " stunning " demonstration of the power of the marja ’- i taqlid, and the protest itself has been cited as one of the issues that led to the Constitutional Revolution a few years later.

An example of takfir that has featured prominently in Western media is the case of Salman Rushdie, who was forced into hiding after Ayatollah Khomeini issued a fatwa officially declaring him to be a kafir who should be executed for his book The Satanic Verses, which is perceived to contain passages that drawn into question the basis of Islam.

The relevant passages from the fatwa are as follows:

In it he promised " more Afghan War ," and said the over one hundred suicide bomb attacks in Afghanistan in the last year had been carried out by bombers acting on religious orders from the Taliban – “ the mujahedeen do not take any action without a fatwa .” In April 2007, Omar issued another statement through an intermediary encouraging more suicide attacks.

The essay was written by British-Indian novelist Salman Rushdie, who found controversy in 1988 over one of his books gaining him a religious fatwa for Rushdie's death from Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini which ultimately resulted in United Kingdom and Iran breaking diplomatic ties to each other a year later.

While it has often seemed to distance itself from religious extremism, it has also courted controversy in free speech cases, for instance in January 2012 when it issued a fatwa calling for author Salman Rushdie to be barred from entering India to attend a literature festival because he had " hurt Muslim sentiments ".

For example, in August 2005 Deobandi clerics from the Darul Uloom Deoband seminary issued a fatwa stating that, while Muslim women may contest political elections, they must observe purdah ( wear the niqab ) while doing so.

In May 2010, clerics from the same seminary issued a fatwa stating that men and women cannot work together in public offices unless the women are properly clothed.

One of the clerics caught on video, Mufti Habibur Rehman, was suspended from the fatwa department on Sunday after the television report, according to a Press Trust of India news agency report.

When Rifai Taha signed the al-Qaeda fatwa " International Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders " to kill Crusaders and Jews on behalf of the Islamic Group, he was " forced to withdraw his name " from the fatwa, lamely explaining to fellow members ... than he had " only been asked over the telephone to join in a statement of support for the Iraqi people.

He intensified his agitation and obtained a fatwa from Shaykh Badr al-Din al-Taji al-Hasani, the Mufti of Damascus, which ruled that the struggle against the British and the Jews was permissible.

Bakri has reaffirmed the fatwa on Salman Rushdie, saying from Lebanon, " Rushdie will continue living his life in hiding.

The Encyclopedia of Islam states that this aspect of Ahmadi belief is one of three primary tenets that distinguish Ahmadi teachings from general Islamic ones, and that it has provoked a fatwa against the movement.

He opposed the death penalty for apostasy from Islam and opposed Ayatollah Khomeini's death sentence fatwa against Salman Rushdie.

The fatwa was later removed from McManus.

He later worked at KFI, but ultimately resigned from as a protest against fellow KFI personality Tom Leykis, destroying Cat Stevens ' ( Yusuf Islam ) records following Stevens ' call for a fatwa on Salman Rushdie.

* 400 Iranian volunteers sign up to sacrifice their lives in " occupied Islamic countries ", particularly Israel, after being inspired by a fatwa from a top hardline cleric giving religious backing to suicide missions.

Ayatollah Khomeini met with the Jewish community upon his return from exile in Paris and issued a fatwa decreeing that the Jews were to be protected.

The basis for this policy stems from a fatwa by the leader of Iran's Islamic Revolution, Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini, declaring sex changes permissible for " diagnosed " transsexuals.

Moreover, Sheikh Abd al-Aziz Ibn Baz issued a fatwa, that unless al-Quda and al-Hawali repented their former conduct, they would be banned from lecturing, meetings and cassette-recording.

He is mentioned in Osama bin Laden's fatwa as a sheikh unjustly arrested allegedly " by orders from the USA.

However, under Allied direction, the Sultan pledged to suppress such movements and secured an official fatwa from the Sheikh ul-Islam declaring them to be un-Islamic.

Qutb's precept that Sharia law is essential to Islam and any self-described " Muslim " ruler who ignores it in favor of man-made laws is actually a non-Muslim who should be fought and overthrown come from a fatwa of Ibn Taymiya.

In 2001 he issued a fatwa banning women from acting as surrogate mothers or from receiving frozen sperm from dead husbands.

Sexuality in Islam is largely described by the Quran, the sayings of Muhammad ( hadith ), and the rulings of religious leaders ' ( fatwa ) as being confined to marital relationships between men and women.

With the assistance of an Egyptian informant wearing a listening device, the FBI managed to record Rahman issuing a fatwa encouraging acts of violence against US civilian targets, particularly in the New York and New Jersey metropolitan area.

In 2005 CAIR coordinated the joint release of a fatwa by 344 American Muslim organizations, mosques, and imams nationwide that stated: " Islam strictly condemns religious extremism and the use of violence against innocent lives.

The FBI recorded Rahman issuing a fatwa that encouraged acts of violence against US civilian targets, particularly in the New York and New Jersey metropolitan area.

The fatwa said: 1 ) all acts of terrorism targeting civilians are haram ( forbidden ), 2 ) Muslims are forbidden to cooperate with any individual involved in terrorism or violence, and 3 ) Muslims must cooperate with law enforcement authorities to protect the lives of civilians.

In 1305, after the issuing of a fatwa by the scholar Ibn Taymiyyah calling for jihad against all non-Sunni Muslims like the Druze, Alawites, Ismaili, and twelver Shiites, al-Malik al-Nasir inflicted a disastrous defeat on the Druze at Keserwan and forced outward compliance on their part to orthodox Sunni Islam.

* 1998 – Osama bin Laden publishes a fatwa declaring jihad against all Jews and " Crusaders "; the latter term is commonly interpreted to refer to the people of Europe and the United States.

Islamic scholars have said that, while male circumcision is a sunna, or religious obligation, female genital modification is not required, and several have issued a fatwa against Type III FGM.

Their scepticism and extortion had tired their subjects, and the Abbassid Caliph ( resident in Baghdad ) as well as the faqihs ( Islamic jurists ) gave Yusuf a fatwa authorizing him to remove them due to their disloyalty to Islam by aiding and assisting the Christians against one another.

In the wake of FN electoral success, the immigration debate, growing concerns over Islamic fundamentalism, and the fatwa against Salman Rushdie by Ayatollah Khomeini, the 1989 affaire du foulard was the first major test of the relations between the values of the French Republic and Islam.

Not surprisingly, he was opposed by the ulema as unorthodox and they issued a fatwa against him.

When the Anglo-Iraqi War broke out, al-Husseini used his influence to issue a fatwa for a holy war against Britain.

Mustafa came to the throne in the wake of the turbulent events that led to the fatwa against Selim for " introduce among the Moslems the manners of infidels and show an intention to suppress the Janissaries.

This was the year when Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini issued a fatwa death sentence against writer Salman Rushdie after the publication of his novel The Satanic Verses.

* Mirza Mohammed Hassan Husseini Shirazi, an Iraqi Grand Ayatollah widely known for his 1891 fatwa against the usage of tobacco

The protest climaxed in a widely-obeyed December 1891 fatwa against tobacco use supposedly issued by Grand Ayatollah Mirza Hassan Shirazi.

In December 1891 a fatwa was issued by the most important religious authority in Iran, marja ’- i taqlid Mirza Hasan Shirazi, declaring the use of tobacco to be tantamount to war against the Hidden Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi.

Waiting for Stoppard, a good-natured pastiche of early Tom Stoppard plays and simultaneously a convoluted farce involving the fatwa against Salman Rushdie, was seen at the Bristol New Vic, Southwark Playhouse and other venues in 1995.

On May 7, 1998, Atef faxed Bin Laden a fatwa signed by Afghan scholars on May 7, which said that attacks against American civilians could be justified.

On 21 February 2011, he talked about the protests in Libya and issued a fatwa against Muammar Gaddafi:

In mid-February 1989, following a violent riot against the book in Pakistan, the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Supreme Leader of Iran and a Shi ' a Muslim scholar, issued a fatwa calling on all good Muslims to kill Rushdie and his publishers, or to point him out to those who can kill him if they cannot themselves.

In May 1941 Amin al-Husayni issued a fatwa for a holy war against Britain.

According to The Times newspaper, Bakri was left alone by British law prior to July 2005 despite actions such as an issuing a fatwa " containing a death threat against President Pervez Musharraf of Pakistan " because

Just days after the 7 July 2005 London bombings the Oxford-based Malaysian jurist, Shaykh Muhammad Afifi al-Akiti, issued his landmark fatwa against suicide bombing and targeting innocent civilians, titled Defending the Transgressed, by Censuring the Reckless against the Killing of Civilians, which was written in response to this controversial " Magnificent 19 " statement made by Al-Muhajiroun.