Damage to endothelium is an early abnormality in the development of scleroderma, and this too seems to be due to collagen accumulation by fibroblasts, although direct alterations by cytokines, platelet adhesion and a type II hypersensitivity reaction have similarly been implicated.

showed that fibroblasts exposed to mechanical stimulation have differing levels of ECM production than fibroblasts that are not exposed to mechanical stimulation.

They have identified the presence of androgen, estrogen, and progesterone receptors in epithelial cells, granular cells and fibroblasts of VF, suggesting that some of the structural changes seen in the VF could be due to hormonal influences.

Both types of electoporators have been used on a wide range of cells-including E. coli ( for transformation ) and mammalian cells such as neurons, astrocytes, neuroglia, lymphocytes, monocytes, fibroblasts, epithelial and endothelial cells from humans, mice, rats and monkeys ( for transfection ).

The androgen binding activity of genital skin fibroblasts is typically diminished, although exceptions have been reported.

Although disjointed and scattered when they have to cover a large space, fibroblasts when crowded often locally align in parallel clusters.

Plasma fibronectin, which is synthesized by hepatocytes, and fibronectin synthesized by cultured fibroblasts are similar but not identical ; immunological, structural, and functional differences have been reported.

The term fibromatosis refers to a group of benign soft tissue tumors ( fibromas ) which have certain characteristics in common, including absence of cytologic and clinical malignant features, a histology consistent with proliferation of well-differentiated fibroblasts, an infiltrative growth pattern, and aggressive clinical behavior with frequent local recurrence.

He supported this hypothesis by having cultivated fibroblasts from chick hearts, and to have kept the culture growing for 34 years.

The distribution of those proteins and interstitial molecules has been proven to be affected by both age and gender, and is maintained by the fibroblasts.

GFAP has also been found to be expressed in glomeruli and peritubular fibroblasts taken from rat kidneys Leydig cells of the testis in both hamsters and humans, human keratinocytes, human osteocytes and chondrocytes and stellate cells of the pancreas and liver in rats.

ConA-mediated agglutination of other cell types has been reported, including muscle cells ( myocytes ), B-lymphocytes ( through surface Immunoglobulins ), fibroblasts, rat thymocytes, human fetal ( but not adult ) intestinal epithelial cells, and adipocytes.

An increase in collagen biosynthesis mediated by the estrogen receptors of dermal fibroblasts was also observed.

Active fibroblasts can be recognized by their abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Mouse embryonic fibroblasts forced to express MyoD was found to be sufficient in turning those cells into myoblasts.

TNF was thought to be produced primarily by macrophages, but it is produced also by a broad variety of cell types including lymphoid cells, mast cells, endothelial cells, cardiac myocytes, adipose tissue, fibroblasts, and neuronal tissue.

* Vimentin, the most widely distributed of all IF proteins, can be found in fibroblasts, leukocytes, and blood vessel endothelial cells.

The analysis of MCAD activity in cultured fibroblasts can also be used for diagnosis.

Although the lineage of adipocytes is still unclear, preadipocytes are undifferentiated fibroblasts that can be stimulated to form adipocytes.

When combined with an increased concentration of carnitine in urine, the suspicion of SPCD can often be confirmed by either molecular testing or functional studies assessing the uptake of carnitine in cultured fibroblasts.

In addition, it may be the precursor of other cells of the periodontium, including osteoblasts, cementoblasts and fibroblasts.

Exactly what causes this variation is not entirely understood, although factors contributing to it could include the lengths of the polyglutamine and polyglycine tracts, sensitivity to and variations in the intrauterine endocrine milieu, the effect of coregulatory proteins that are active in Sertoli cells, somatic mosaicism, expression of the 5RD2 gene in genital skin fibroblasts, reduced AR transcription and translation from factors other than mutations in the AR coding region, an unidentified coactivator protein, enzyme deficiencies such as 21-hydroxylase deficiency, or other genetic variations such as a mutant steroidogenic factor-1 ( SF-1 ) protein.

In the proliferative phase, immature granulation tissue containing plump active fibroblasts forms.

Their rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus were still not well developed, indicating that despite the change in shape, the fibroblasts still remained mostly in a resting phase.

In the inflammatory phase, macrophages and other phagocytic cells kill bacteria, debride damaged tissue and release chemical factors such as growth hormones that encourage fibroblasts, epithelial cells and endothelial cells which make new capillaries to migrate to the area and divide.

* January 2008: Development of human cloned blastocysts following somatic cell nuclear transfer with adult fibroblasts

In patients with a clinical suspicion for Tay – Sachs disease, with any age of onset, the initial testing involves an enzyme assay to measure the activity of hexosaminidase in serum, fibroblasts or leukocytes.

Other histological features of gummas include an intervening zone containing epithelioid cells with indistinct borders and multinucleated giant cells, and a peripheral zone of fibroblasts and capillaries.

In order to accomplish transfection, one may use integrating viral vectors such as lentiviruses or retroviruses, non-integrating vectors such as Sendai viruses or adenoviruses, microRNAs and a variety of other methods including using proteins and plasmids ; one example is the non-viral delivery of transcription factor-encoding plasmids with a polymeric carrier to elicit neuronal transdifferentiation of fibroblasts.

As repair of the injured tissue continues, fibroblasts and macrophages begin to remodel the area, degrading the proteins that form the provisional blood clot matrix and replacing them with a matrix that more resembles the normal, surrounding tissue.

Patients with factor XIII deficiencies display impairment in wound healing and also that the fibroblasts don ’ t grow in the fibrin which is deficient in this factor.

The deposition of collagen in the wounded site by the fibroblasts takes place with the help of fibronectin.

Female adipose cells, lung fibroblasts, and foreskin fibroblasts were reprogrammed into induced pluripotent state with the OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and MYC genes.

Histologically, keloids are fibrotic tumors characterized by a collection of atypical fibroblasts with excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components, especially collagen, fibronectin, elastin, and proteoglycans.

* Following damage to the blood vessel, FVII leaves the circulation and comes into contact with tissue factor ( TF ) expressed on tissue-factor-bearing cells ( stromal fibroblasts and leukocytes ), forming an activated complex ( TF-FVIIa ).

Also called hematopoietin or hemopoietin, it is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with peritubular capillary and tubular epithelial cells.

* The fibroblasts manufacture a long-chain sugar polymer called hyaluronan, which makes the synovial fluid " ropy "- like egg-white, together with a molecule called lubricin, which lubricates the joint surfaces.

Other possible mechanisms for the development of ganglion cysts include repeated mechanical stress, facet arthrosis, myxoid degeneration of periarticular fibrous tissues and liquefaction with chronic damage, increased production of hyaluronic acid by fibroblasts, and a proliferation of mesenchymal cells.

After 4 – 6 days of this intrauterine culture, the embryos are harvested and grown in in vitro culture until the inner cell mass forms “ egg cylinder-like structures ,” which are dissociated into single cells, and plated on fibroblasts treated with mitomycin-c ( to prevent fibroblast mitosis ).

The extracted inner cell mass was cultured on fibroblasts treated with mitomycin-c in media that containing serum and was conditioned by EC cells.

Hayflick and Moorhead mixed equal numbers of normal human male fibroblasts that had divided many times ( cells at the 40th population doubling ) with female fibroblasts that had divided only a few times ( cells at the 10th population doubling ).

Phosphorylation of the SHC proteins on tyrosine correlates with the transformation of fibroblasts and erythroblasts by the v-sea tyrosine kinase.

Depending on this differentiation, tumour cells may resemble mature fibroblasts ( spindle-shaped ), secreting collagen, with rare mitoses.