And since for normal files, two bytes of each physical sector were used by DOS as a pointer to the next physical track and sector of the file, only 254 out of the 256 bytes of a block were used for file contents.

In early usage people regarded the underlying hardware ( rather than the contents ) as the file.

* Opening a file to use its contents

Permissions may also be used to allow only certain users to see the contents of a file or folder.

They allow you to move, create, delete and rename files and folders, although they do not actually allow you to read the contents of a file or store information in it.

When a file is open, type L to list the contents.

Freenet works by storing small encrypted snippets of content distributed on the computers of its users and connecting only through intermediate computers which pass on requests for content and sending them back without knowing the contents of the full file, similar to how routers on the Internet route packets without knowing anything about files — except with caching, a layer of strong encryption, and without reliance on centralized structures.

But the essence is the same — presenting file contents in human-friendly form ( i. e. displaying video on the screen as intended, or playing sound through loudspeakers ).

The other way is through the use of a precompiled table of paths, where all the entries are enumerated in the successive contents of a file with the corresponding entries.

A bundle is a group of Java classes and additional resources equipped with a detailed manifest file on all its contents, as well as additional services needed to give the included group of Java classes more sophisticated behaviors, to the extent of deeming the entire aggregate a component.

In computing, plain text is the contents of an ordinary sequential file readable as textual material without much processing, usually opposed to formatted text and to " binary files " in which some portions must be interpreted as binary objects ( encoded integers, real numbers, images, etc.

* Data transformation – Reading or merging the contents of another text file into the file currently being edited.

It is mostly used to save a recordset in an XML format, to send commands to an OLE DB provider as an alternative to the CommandText object and to contain the contents of a binary or text file.

There are no programs to specifically defragment a ReiserFS file system, although tools have been written to automatically copy the contents of fragmented files hoping that more contiguous blocks of free space can be found.

The tree rebuild process of ReiserFS's fsck has attracted much criticism: if the file system becomes so badly corrupted that its internal tree is unusable, performing a tree rebuild operation may further corrupt existing files or introduce new entries with unexpected contents, but this action is not part of normal operation or a normal file system check and has to be explicitly initiated and confirmed by the administrator.

As the metadata is always in a consistent state after a file system check, corruption here means that contents of files are merged in unexpected ways with the contained file system's metadata.

All other blocks are " unformatted blocks " containing file contents.

** Read file contents

* Write ( W ): The subject can change the contents of a file or directory with the following tasks:

* MAC times, file system metadata which record when an object was last " modified " ( contents ), " accessed " ( read ), and " changed " ( permissions )

Perhaps the moralities of world law are not advanced by stealing American diplomatic papers and planes, but the Kennedy administration can always file a demurrer to the effect that, but for its own incompetence in protecting American interests, these things would not happen.

If you file Form 1040A and the District Director computes your tax, any refund to which you are entitled will be mailed to you.

The grammatical descriptions of all forms in the dictionary are recorded in a separate part of the dictionary file.

When entries are being retrieved from this file, the table of dictionary usage indicates which entries to skip and which entries to store in the computer.

The DUF also supplies the locations of subroutines written by the user that are unique to the file.

SMIT also generates a log of commands that are performed in the file.

There are three major groups of audio file formats:

WAV and AIFF are flexible file formats designed to store more or less any combination of sampling rates or bitrates.

Stand-alone, file based, multi-track recorders from Sound Devices, This of course results in a reduction in audio quality, but a variety of techniques are used, mainly by exploiting psychoacoustics, to remove the data that has least effect on perceived quality.

Vox format files are similar to wave files except that the vox files contain no information about the file itself so the codec sample rate and number of channels must first be specified in order to play a vox file.

The file extensions are successively added at each step of this process such that a collection of files that has been tarred and then gzipped will have a extension.

* Extracting one file requires decompressing all the files that are before the file in the archive.

At the same time, Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access and OneNote, both 2007 and 2010, are also backward compatible with their 97-2003 file formats and features in the same manner.

* The knight moves to any of the closest squares that are not on the same rank, file, or diagonal, thus the move forms an " L "- shape: two squares vertically and one square horizontally, or two squares horizontally and one square vertically.

* The pawn may move forward to the unoccupied square immediately in front of it on the same file ; or on its first move it may advance two squares along the same file provided both squares are unoccupied ; or it may move to a square occupied by an opponent's piece which is diagonally in front of it on an adjacent file, capturing that piece.

Criminal sanctions are generally aimed at serious counterfeiting activity, but are now becoming more commonplace as copyright collectives such as the RIAA are increasingly targeting the file sharing home Internet user.

Multi-tile graphics, such as ball spells and town buildings, are bitmaps included in the executable file.

Though the technical details of rendering methods vary, the general challenges to overcome in producing a 2D image from a 3D representation stored in a scene file are outlined as the graphics pipeline along a rendering device, such as a GPU.

Some container formats which are ISO standards are MPEG transport stream, MPEG program stream, MP4 and ISO base media file format.

A hosts file still exists on most modern operating systems by default and generally contains a mapping of " localhost " to the IP address 127. 0. 0. 1.

The file sizes of digital video used for professional editing are generally not practical for these purposes, and the video requires further compression with codecs such as Sorenson, H264 and more recently AppleProRes especially for HD.

The 1933 Act generally requires companies to file a registration statement with the SEC if they want to sell their securities publicly, or comply with private placement rules under the Act.

Dungeon, the mainframe precursor to the commercial Zork trilogy, is generally assumed to be in the public domain and is available from The Interactive Fiction Archive as original FORTRAN source code, a Z-machine story file and as various native source ports.

Algorithms are generally quite specifically tuned to a particular type of file: for example, lossless audio compression programs do not work well on text files, and vice versa.

A MIME message including an attached file generally indicates the file's original name with the " Content-disposition :" header, so the type of file is indicated both by the MIME content-type and the ( usually OS-specific ) filename extension

Through the early history of Unix, kernels were generally small, even though those kernels contained device drivers and file system managers.

Bulk file transfer applications that rely on TCP are generally elastic.

The term generally refers to unauthorized releases by organized groups, as opposed to file sharing between friends or large groups of people with similar interest using a darknet.

NAS devices specifically are distinguished from file servers generally in a NAS being a computer appliance – a specialized computer built from the ground up for serving files – rather than a general purpose computer being used for serving files ( possibly with other functions ).

In discussions of NASs, the term " file server " generally stands for a contrasting term, referring to general purpose computers only.

The two formats store identical information, so the term SAT file is generally used to refer to either ( when no distinction is needed ).

Scalability generally refers to a quality reduction achieved by manipulation of the bitstream or file ( without decompression and re-compression ).

An old rod making bench would generally consist of a 6 to 8 foot bench, vice, a drawing knife, a jack, a fore plane, large coarse flat file, sand paper, and several strips of wood about 2 feet long with different size grooves in them.

This contrasts with other file systems that store file and directory records in separate structures ( such as DOS's FAT file system or the Unix File System ), where having structure distributed across the disk means that damaging a single directory is generally non-fatal and the data may possibly be re-constructed with data held in the non-damaged portions.

World files do not specify a coordinate system ; this information is generally stored somewhere else in the raster file itself or in another companion file.

Most FLAC applications will generally restrict themselves to encoding / decoding using libFLAC at the file level interface.

This is because the script is generally stored in plain text in a text file.

Digital cameras generally include dedicated digital image processing chips to convert the raw data from the image sensor into a colour-corrected image in a standard image file format.