Apple Inc .' s first computer, the Apple 1 introduced in 1976, featured PROM chips that eliminated the need for a front panel.

The Sac State 8008 was possibly the first true microcomputer, with a disk operating system built with IBM Basic assembly language in PROM all driving a color display, hard drive, keyboard, modem, audio / paper tape reader and printer.

All were based on Intel processors ; the first series ( 320 and 540 ) used SGI's ARCloader PROM and Cobalt video chipset, the remainder were essentially standard PC's.

The first digital computers used machine-language programming to set up and access array structures for data tables, vector and matrix computations, and for many other purposes.

For this reason, the C programming language specifies that array indices always begin at 0 ; and many programmers will call that element " zeroth " rather than " first ".

Kernighan's name became widely known through co-authorship of the first book on the C programming language with Dennis Ritchie.

BCPL was the first brace programming language, and the braces survived the syntactical changes and have become a common means of denoting program source code statements.

The development of compilers for new programming languages first developed in an existing language but then rewritten in the new language and compiled by itself, is another example of the bootstrapping notion.

Towards the end of the 1950s machine-independent programming languages were first proposed.

The first compiler was written by Grace Hopper, in 1952, for the A-0 programming language.

As the two search for Daken, Wolverine reveals that when he first joined the X-Men he attempted to assassinate Xavier due to some unknown programming.

* 1987 – Larry Wall releases the first version of the Perl programming language.

The Open University of the United Kingdom ( UKOU ), established in 1969 as the first educational institution in the world wholly dedicated to open and distance learning, still relies heavily on print-based materials supplemented by radio, television and, in recent years, online programming.

Several other programming languages incorporate elements first introduced in Eiffel.

He was the first to make the claim that programming is so inherently complex that, in order to manage it successfully, programmers need to harness every trick and abstraction possible.

Information Processing Language ( IPL ) is sometimes cited as the first computer-based functional programming language.

This was the first optimizing compiler, because customers were reluctant to use a high-level programming language unless its compiler could generate code whose performance was comparable to that of hand-coded assembly language.

A pioneer in the field, she was one of the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I computer, and developed the first compiler for a computer programming language.

She conceptualized the idea of machine-independent programming languages, which led to the development of COBOL, one of the first modern programming languages.

Intel lent him systems using the 8008 and 8080 processors, and in 1973, he developed the first high-level programming language for microprocessors, called PL / M.

* The first programming language and first compiler specifically for microprocessors.

Java applets were introduced in the first version of the Java language in 1995, and are written in programming languages that compile to Java bytecode, usually in Java, but also in other languages such as Jython, JRuby, or Eiffel ( via SmartEiffel ).

This appears to be the first published description of programming.

Zuse also claimed to have designed the first higher-level programming language, which he named Plankalkül, in 1945 ( published in 1948 ) although it was implemented for the first time in 2000 by a team around Raúl Rojas at the Free University of Berlin — five years after Zuse died.

Speeding up the low portion of memory is particularly useful on 6502 derived machines because that processor has a faster addressing mode for the first 256 bytes and so it is common for software to put any variables involved in time critical sections of program into that region.

The 12-bit PDP-8 was one of the first minicomputers to use accumulators, and inspired many later machines.

They are also sometimes called " Auxons ", from the Greek word auxein which means " to grow ", or " von Neumann machines " after John von Neumann, who first rigorously studied the idea.

The 18th century saw the arrival of some interesting improvements, first by Poleni with the first fully functional calculating clock and four-operation machine, but these machines were almost always one of the kind.

Their PDP series of machines became popular in the 1960s, especially the PDP-8, widely considered to be the first successful minicomputer.

The Lab is best known for their work on what would today be known as " interactivity ", and their machines were among the first where operators had direct control over programs running in real-time.

Butler was the first to write about the possibility that machines might develop consciousness by Darwinian Selection.

This fact has several important consequences in science: first, it prohibits " perpetual motion " machines ; and second, it implies the arrow of entropy has the same direction as the arrow of time.

Since people are human, one should teach first about humans, not machines or techniques.

It was the first tool showing the AI ​​ defined by Edward Feigenbaum in his book about the Japanese Fifth Generation, Artificial Intelligence and Japan's Computer Challenge to the World ( 1983 ): " The machines will have reasoning power: they will automatically engineer vast amounts of knowledge to serve whatever purpose humans propose, from medical diagnosis to product design, from management decisions to education ", " The reasoning animal has, perhaps inevitably, fashioned the reasoning machine ", " the reasoning power of these machines matches or exceeds the reasoning power of the humans who instructed them and, in some cases, the reasoning power of any human performing such tasks ".

During the first decade of the cinema's existence, inventors worked to improve the machines for making and showing films.

This film was among those exported to Europe with the first Kinetoscope machines in 1895, and was seen by Georges Méliès, who was putting on magic shows in his Theatre Robert-Houdin in Paris at the time.

Prior to the introduction of the ubiquitous fax machine, one of the first being the Exxon Qwip in the mid-1970s, facsimile machines worked by optical scanning of a document or drawing spinning on a drum.

The first of his papers, Sur le principe des forces vives dans les mouvements relatifs des machines ( On the principle of kinetic energy in the relative motion in machines ), was read to the Académie des Sciences ( Coriolis 1832 ).

The development of all-metal machine tools in the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries.

The first among other civilizations to invent complex machines, the ancient Chinese creations of the wheel burrow, the blast furnace, the grooves all are the evidence of Chinese scientists ' familiarity with the basics laws of physics.

The first operating systems for IBM computers were written by IBM customers who did not wish to have their very expensive machines ($ 2M USD in the mid-1950s ) sitting idle while operators set up jobs manually.

The development of all-metal machine tools in the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries.

* Steam power – The improved steam engine invented by James Watt and patented in 1775 was at first mainly used to power pumps for pumping water out of mines, but from the 1780s was applied to power other types of machines.

These were all metal and were the first machines for mass production and making components with a degree of interchangeability.

Most important, though, were his skills as a beatmaker ; Marl was among the first to mine James Brown records for grooves and also learned how to craft his own drum loops through sampling, which decreased hip-hop's reliance on tinny-sounding drum machines and gave his ' 80s productions a fresh, modern flavor.

This was one of the first rotary machines that retained the flatbed, which passed back and forth under inked rollers.