A small quantity of useful scientific information was returned, showing the radiation surrounding Earth was in the form of bands and measuring the extent of the bands, mapping the total ionizing flux, making the first observations of hydromagnetic oscillations of the magnetic field, and taking the first measurements of the density of micrometeorites and the Interplanetary Magnetic Field.

It was a small, spheroidal satellite designed to study trapped radiation of various energies, galactic cosmic rays, geomagnetism, radio propagation in the upper atmosphere, and the flux of micrometeorites.

Even in the neighborhood of the Earth, where information has been obtained both directly and indirectly, the derived flux values vary by at least four orders of magnitude.

Beyond a few million kilometers from the Earth, but still in the region of the Earth's orbit, a prediction of the flux of dust is even more unreliable.

Pioneer 1, recorded a decrease in flux with distance from the Earth on the basis of 11 counts in 9 hours.

these figures constitute the best estimate for the flux in interplanetary space near the Earth.

The Chinese had a somewhat different series of elements, namely Fire, Earth, Metal, Water and Wood, which were understood as different types of energy in a state of constant interaction and flux with one another, rather than the Western notion of different kinds of material.

The solar constant, a measure of flux density, is the amount of incoming solar electromagnetic radiation per unit area that would be incident on a plane perpendicular to the rays, at a distance of one astronomical unit ( AU ) ( roughly the mean distance from the Sun to the Earth ).

For example, the radiation of the Sun at the Earth has a power flux density of 1, 370 W / m < sup > 2 </ sup >, so the radiation pressure is 4. 6 µPa ( absorbed ).

Solar flares are classified as A, B, C, M or X according to the peak flux ( in watts per square meter, W / m < sup > 2 </ sup >) of 100 to 800 picometer X-rays near Earth, as measured on the GOES spacecraft.

A small amount of data was obtained during the short flight, including evidence that the equatorial region around Earth has higher flux and higher energy radiation than previously considered and that the micrometeorite density is higher around Earth than in space.

It was discovered in 1964 during a rocket flight and is one of the strongest X-ray sources seen from Earth, producing a peak X-ray flux density of ().

The GOES spacecraft have carried a X-Ray Sensor ( XRS ) which measures the flux from the whole solar disk in two bands-0. 05 to 0. 4 nm and 0. 1 to 0. 8 nm since 1974, a X-ray imager ( SXI ) since 2004, a magnetometer which measures the distortions of the Earth ’ s magnetic field due to space weather, a whole disk EUV sensor since 2004, and particle sensors ( EPS / HEPAD ) which measure ions and electrons in the energy range of ( 50 keV to 500 MeV ).

The orbital radius at which the stellar flux from Epsilon Eridani matches the solar constant — where the emission matches the Sun's output at the orbital distance of the Earth — is 0. 61 astronomical units ( AU ).

The orbital radius where the UV flux matches that on the early Earth lies at just under 0. 5 AU.

It is an alternate future in a constant state of flux as heroes and villains battle for the future of Earth.

solar flux density ( insolation ) onto a plane tangent to the sphere of the Earth, but above the bulk of the atmosphere ( elevation 100 km or greater ) is:

The amount of ultraviolet radiation received by any planets in the star's habitable zone would be similar to the ultraviolet flux the Earth receives from the Sun.

This is because, among other reasons, according to the principle of mass-energy equivalence, if the Earth was absorbing the energy of the ultramundane flux at the rate necessary to produce the observed force of gravity ( i. e. by using the values calculated by Poincaré ), its mass would be doubling in each fraction of a second.

The solar constant, a measure of flux density, is the amount of incoming solar electromagnetic radiation per unit area that would be incident on a plane perpendicular to the rays, at a distance of one astronomical unit ( AU ) ( roughly the mean distance from the Sun to the Earth ).

The particle flux in the regions farther from the Earth can vary wildly depending on the actual conditions of the sun and the magnetosphere.

In fact, as a consequence of its annual revolution, the Earth should be exposed to a higher flux of Dark Matter particles roughly around June 2nd ( when its rotational velocity is added to the one of the solar system with respect to the Galaxy ) and to a smaller one roughly around December 2nd ( when the two velocities are subtracted ).

He discovers that the planets will soon align, creating a catastrophic solar flux that threatens to destroy the Earth.

In January 2005, Solar flares generate strong proton flux for satellites in Earth orbit ( Credit: NOAA )

If the source emits light uniformly in all directions, the flux can be found by multiplying the intensity by 4π: a uniform 1 candela source emits 12. 6 lumens.

These loops are the closed-magnetic flux cousins of the open-magnetic flux that can be found in coronal hole ( polar ) regions and the solar wind.

The result, div F, is a function of p. From this definition it also becomes explicitly visible that div F can be seen as the source density of the flux of F.

It can be shown that any stationary flux v ( r ) which is at least two times continuously differentiable in and vanishes sufficiently fast for can be decomposed into an irrotational part E ( r ) and a source-free part B ( r ).

In this situation, one can use a flux limiter.

... for at the moment that the observer approaches, then they become other ... so that you cannot get any further in knowing their nature or state .... but if that which knows and that which is known exist ever ... then I do not think they can resemble a process or flux ....

For example, a Hall sensor integrated into a ferrite ring ( as shown ) can reduce the detection of stray fields by a factor of 100 or better ( as the external magnetic fields cancel across the ring, giving no residual magnetic flux ).

For example, the magnetic flux linking these turns can be increased by coiling the conductor around a material with a high permeability such as iron.

A disadvantage is that this type of source will not produce the neutron flux that can be obtained using a reactor.

PHWRs can be refueled while at full power, which makes them very efficient in their use of uranium ( it allows for precise flux control in the core ).

The uranium content of the material can then be calculated from the number of tracks and the neutron flux.

They are changing or can be triggered to change over time, and are continuously and discontinuously subject to flux of matter and energy to and from other systems.

If the flux does not contain even harmonics the following equation can be used for half-cycle average voltage E < sub > avg </ sub > of any waveshape:

Since the core flux is proportional to the applied voltage, the iron loss can be represented by a resistance R < sub > C </ sub > in parallel with the ideal transformer.

With a sinusoidal supply, the core flux lags the induced EMF by 90 ° and this effect can be modeled as a magnetizing reactance ( reactance of an effective inductance ) X < sub > m </ sub > in parallel with the core loss component, R < sub > c </ sub >.

Thus, Vega has a relatively flat electromagnetic spectrum in the visual region — wavelength range 350 – 850 nanometers, most of which can be seen with the human eye — so the flux densities are roughly equal ; 2000 – 4000 Jy.

There are a number of devices that can achieve this objective, ranging from a large low-inductance capacitor bank discharged into a single-loop antenna or a microwave generator to an explosively pumped flux compression generator.

The quantity being measured can be the voltage or current in a circuit or a field vector such as electric field strength or flux density.

Other processes in which synthetic rubies can be produced are through the Czochralski's Pulling process, flux process, and the hydrothermal process.

Right: The reduction in flux passing through a surface can be visualized by reduction in F or dS equivalently ( resolved into Euclidean vector # Decomposition | components, θ is angle to normal n ).

The terms " flux ", " current ", " flux density ", " current density ", can sometimes be used interchangeably and ambiguously, though the terms used below match those of the contexts in the literature.