Philosophical logic is a term introduced by Bertrand Russell to represent his idea that the workings of natural language and thought can only be adequately represented by an artificial language ; essentially it was his formalization program for the natural language.

In Italy in 13 – 15th centuries bill of exchange and promissory note obtain their main features and further phases of its development have been associated with France ( 16 – 18th centuries, where the endorsement had appeared ) and Germany ( 19th century, formalization of Exchange Law ).

Many of Schoenberg's practices, including the formalization of compositional method, and his habit of openly inviting audiences to think analytically, are echoed in avant-garde musical thought throughout the 20th century.

After the relational model was defined, there were many attempts to compare and contrast the different models, and this led to the emergence of more rigorous descriptions of the earlier models ; though the procedural nature of the data manipulation interfaces for hierarchical and network databases limited the scope for formalization.

While the system was initially a respected body of concrete regulations, the fragmentation of the Western Zhou period led the ritual to drift towards moralization and formalization in regard to:

The national liberation war was followed by a period of formalization, negotiations and finally, the Constitutionalization, effectively ending the process in 1835.

In 1958 she was officially designated delegate to the United Nations, a formalization of her role as " goodwill ambassadress " of the U. S. which she had played earlier.

Though Brennan's formalization was introduced in the 1980s, it remains relevant in recent work.

In both cases this was just a formalization of a situation that had already existed for a long time.

Perhaps the most lasting legacy of Cane Ridge was a formalization of what would become known as the Restoration Movement, which was the origin of the Disciples of Christ, the Churches of Christ, the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada, and several other, smaller groups.

The Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance was the first of many so-called ' mutual security agreements ', and the formalization of the Act of Chapultepec.

His National Security Advisor, Dr. Henry Kissinger, convinced the president to reconsider, since he did not want to jeopardize the formalization of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty ( SALT I ) with the Soviets, that was due to be formalized in May.

The 1940s was perhaps the greatest period of development of the State Police, which under Commissioner Edward J. Hickey saw the formalization of identified patrol cars, the founding of a forensics lab and a training academy, the introduction of state police women, the development of the nation's first radar system, the development and establishment of the first FM two way radio communications system in the nation, and the creation of the CSP Auxiliary Trooper program which is still in existence today.

He developed a semantics of intuitionistic logic based on Husserl's phenomenology, and this semantics was used by Arend Heyting in his own formalization.

Among these changes was the formalization of certain aspects of the Athenian democracy, and as Athens consolidated itself into a formal city-state, political tensions grew within it.

Yet, by June 1943, the original structure was demolished after the exposition as there was no concrete formalization of the project.

Their previous legal names were retained, while the new name reflected co-operative management between the two park services, and the formalization of relations which had in fact been going on for years.

But a paradox may either refer to a surprising but true result in a given formal theory, or to an informal argument leading to a contradiction, so that a candidate theory where a formalization of the argument might be attempted must disallow at least one of its steps ; in this case the problem is to find a satisfying theory without contradiction.

Critics of Jewish Renewal claim that the movement emphasizes individual spiritual experience and subjective opinion over communal norms and Jewish textual literacy ; the above-mentioned formalization of the ALEPH ordination programs may be a response to such criticism.

* Action semantics is an approach that tries to modularize denotational semantics, splitting the formalization process in two layers ( macro and microsemantics ) and predefining three semantic entities ( actions, data and yielders ) to simplify the specification ;

* A formalization of all mathematics ; in other words all mathematical statements should be written in a precise formal language, and manipulated according to well defined rules.

* formalization and refinement of engineering methods ;

" Clearly, as early as the 1960s, Cohen had expressed the metaphor that led to formalization of agenda-setting by McCombs and Shaw.

Monroe, meanwhile, sent an ambassador to Madrid, John Erving, who had to wait several months, rejected by the Secretary of State Pedro Cevallos, to the formalization of the presence of U. S. Onis.

A task force has been created to consider chapter formalization, but no such formalities as official membership currently exist for IGDA chapters.

#* The notion of institution has been developed as an abstract formalization of the notion of logical system, with the goal of handling the " population explosion " of logics used in formal methods.

In computability theory, primitive recursive functions are a class of functions that form an important building block on the way to a full formalization of computability.

A different formalization of abduction is based on inverting the function that calculates the visible effects of the hypotheses.

Today many arguments in support of land reform focus on its potential social and economic benefits, particularly in developing countries, that may emerge from reforms focused on greater land formalization.

Other groups and individuals express concerns about land reforms focused on formalization of property rights.

Additional arguments against land reform focus on concerns over equity issues and potential elite capture of land, particularly in regards to reforms focused on greater land formalization.

* Very few people are working on formalization of mathematics.

For example " Socrates is mortal " follows from a reasonable formalization of the above points and we could expect to see it on the side of the turnstile.

Recent work by Stephen Johnson on formalization of operator grammar adapts the " lexicon grammar " of Maurice Gross for the complex detail of the reductions.

This formalization is based on the discussion in Nordstrom, Petersson, and Smith.

One such formalization, referred to as “ behavioral dynamics ”, treats the agent and the environment as a pair of coupled dynamical systems based on classical dynamical systems theory.

: The effect of some restrictions on W-grammars ( the formalization of the syntax of ALGOL 68 ) are explored.

The appropriate formalization of this slogan depends on the style of formal semantics used for a particular language.

* Primitive recursive function-a class of functions which form an important building block on the way to a full formalization of computability

Zermelo's further work on the foundations of set theory after Skolem's paper led to his discovery of the cumulative hierarchy and formalization of infinitary logic ( van Dalen and Ebbinghaus, 2000, note 11 ).

Narmour's ( 1992 ) Implication-Realization ( I-R ) Model is a detailed formalization based on Meyer's work on expectation.

** Information Flow: The Logic of Distributed Systems an influential handbook ( ISBN 0-521-58386-1 ) by Jon Barwise and Jerry Seligman for the analysis of theories using its framework based on a melange of topics from information, model, and discourse theory which is applied to give a formalization of the logic of Quantum Mechanics.

A successful formalization of natural language semantics usually can not avoid an explicit revelation of the implicit logical backgrounds based on whether CWA or OWA.

Beginning with a formal treaty of protection with the Mahra Sultanate of Qishn and Socotra in 1886, Britain embarked on a slow formalization of protection arrangements that included over 30 major treaties of protection with the last signed only in 1954.