" From the biological perspective, the key reactions involve addition of nucleophiles to the formyl carbon in the formation of imines ( oxidative deamination ) and hemiacetals ( structures of aldose sugars ).

A small percentage of electrons do not complete the whole series and instead directly leak to oxygen, resulting in the formation of the free-radical superoxide, a highly reactive molecule that contributes to oxidative stress and has been implicated in a number of diseases and aging.

The oxidative enzyme catalyses the formation of monolignol radicals.

Calcium sulfonates additives are also added to protect motor oil from oxidative breakdown and to prevent the formation of sludge and varnish deposits.

Additionally during the metabolism of MMH, N-methyl-N-formylhydrazine is produced ; this then undergoes cytochrome p450 regulated oxidative metabolism which via reactive nitrosamide intermediates leads to formation of methyl radicals which lead to liver necrosis.

Additionally during the metabolism of MMH, N-methyl-N-formylhydrazine is produced ; this then undergoes cytochrome P450 regulated oxidative metabolism which via reactive nitrosamide intermediates leads to formation of methyl radicals which lead to liver necrosis.

Initially, it was thought that mesosomes might play a role in several cellular processes, such as cell wall formation during cell division, chromosome replication, or as a site for oxidative phosphorylation.

In some cases this is undesirable and thus polymerization reactions may involve the use of an antioxidant to slow the formation of oxidative cross-links.

* Amines can interfere with the oxidative addition through an accelerating effect brought upon to the formation of more reactive complexes.

Australian research conducted in 2009 by subjecting in vitro samples of human spermatozoa to radio-frequency radiation at 1. 8 GHz and specific absorption rates ( SAR ) of 0. 4 to 27. 5 W / kg showed a correlation between increasing SAR and decreased motility and vitality in sperm, increased oxidative stress and 8-Oxo-2 '- deoxyguanosine markers, stimulating DNA base adduct formation and increased DNA fragmentation.

Under certain pathologic conditions ( e. g., oxidative stress due to hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes ), AGE formation can be increased beyond normal levels.

Pincer complexes have been shown to participate in a variety of transformations, such as the activation of CO < sub > 2 </ sub >< sup > 1 </ sup >, N < sub > 2 </ sub >,< sup > 2 </ sup > carbon-halogen bond formation < sup > 3 </ sup > and oxidative addition of carbon-oxygen and carbon-fluorine bonds < sup > 4 </ sup >, polymerization of alkenes < sup > 5, 6 </ sup > and alkynes < sup > 7 </ sup >, alkane dehydrogenation < sup > 8-10 </ sup > and alkane metathesis < sup > 11 </ sup >, and transfer hydrogen catalysis .< sup > 12 </ sup > They have also recently been studied for their use as molecular sensors < sup > 13, 14 </ sup > and switches .< sup > 15 </ sup >

It has been proposed that the formation of NFTs is part of a multifaced compensatory response where oxidative insult activates several kinases, which are then capable of phosphorylating tau.

This then prompts the early formation of NFTs, which reduce oxidative damage and prolong the function of the neuron.

If added to a topical preparation of ascorbic acid and vitamin E, ferulic acid may reduce oxidative stress and formation of thymine dimers in skin.

With the expansion of family formation in the Sixties, a continued substantial rise in expenditures by state and local government units seems to be indicated.

It is not concerned with the formation of molecules ( although much of the physics is identical ), nor does it examine atoms in a solid state as condensed matter.

Enzymes function by lowering the activation energy of the transition state, thereby catalyzing the formation of an otherwise less-favorable molecular intermediate between reactants and products.

The formation of the ministry began in 1992, a year after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Belarus becoming an independent state.

The First Balkan War, which lasted from October 1912 to May 1913, strengthened Bulgaria's position as a regional military power, significantly reduced Ottoman influence over the Balkans, and resulted in the formation of an independent Albanian state.

The core ideas of the Big Bang — the expansion, the early hot state, the formation of helium, and the formation of galaxies — are derived from many observations that are independent from any cosmological model ; these include the abundance of light elements, the cosmic microwave background, large scale structure, and the Hubble diagram for Type Ia supernovae.

Chemical experiments have confirmed bohrium's predicted position as a heavier homologue to rhenium with the formation of a stable + 7 oxidation state.

Before the formation of Malaysian Federation, the Philippines claimed that the Malaysian state of Sabah in north Borneo is within their territorial rights based on historical facts of the Sultanate of Sulu's leasing agreement with the North Borneo Company, is presently an unresolved claim against Malaysia.

Later that month, on the first anniversary of the occupation of Jaffa by the British, the Muslim-Christian Association sent a lengthy memorandum and petition to the military governor protesting once more any formation of a Jewish state.

: These views were made clear in a disclaimer printed in the Factbook: " Serbia and Montenegro have asserted the formation of a joint independent state, but this entity has not been recognized as a state by the United States.

A social-market economy is a nominally free-market system where government intervention in price formation is kept to a minimum but the state provides significant services in the area of social security, unemployment benefits and recognition of labor rights through national collective bargaining arrangements.

Most of the means of production are owned and run by the government, and most of the labor force is employed by the state, although in recent years, the formation of cooperatives and self-employment has been encouraged by the Communist Party.

In thermochemistry, an element is defined to have an enthalpy of formation of zero in its standard state.

In this formation, the council is composed of ministers from each state government who are responsible for this area: the agriculture and fisheries ministers.

The rate of state formation leveled off in the 1980s, at which point few colonies remained.

In sharp contrast, decolonization was an entirely different process of state formation.

Furthermore, the researchers found the bacterium creates a hyperinfected state where genes that control biosynthesis of amino acids, iron uptake systems, and formation of periplasmic nitrate reductase complexes were induced just before defecation.

Concerns over the state of Ellensburg's historic downtown led to the formation of the Ellensburg Downtown Association to work on revitalizing the area.

* 2011 – In the Irish general election, the Fianna Fáil-led government suffers the worst defeat of a sitting government since the formation of the Irish state in 1921.

In the absence of a site nucleating the formation of ice crystals, the leaves remain in a supercooled liquid state, safely reaching temperatures of − 4 ° C to − 12 ° C.

Critics, such as political economist Karl Polanyi, question whether a spontaneously ordered market can exist, completely free of " distortions " of political policy ; claiming that even the ostensibly freest markets require a state to exercise coercive power in some areas-to enforce contracts, to govern the formation of labor unions, to spell out the rights and obligations of corporations, to shape who has standing to bring legal actions, to define what constitutes an unacceptable conflict of interest, etc.

This was initially termed " splat cooling " by doctoral student W. Klement at Caltech, who showed that cooling rates on the order of millions of degrees per second is sufficient to impede the formation of crystals, and the metallic atoms become " locked into " a glassy state.

Following the British conquest of Syria in the First World War and the formation of the Mandatory state of Palestine, Jewish-Arab tensions gradually evolved into the Arab-Israeli conflict — a collision of the Arab and Jewish nationalist movements.

Related to micelle formation is the technologically important ability of detergent actives to congregate at oil - water interfaces in such a manner that the polar ( or ionized ) end of the molecule is directed towards the aqueous phase and the hydrocarbon chain towards the oily phase.

Little is known of the synthetic mechanisms for formation of thyroglobulin.

A study of their activity on thyroglobulin has shown that thyroxine is not preferentially released and that the degradation proceeds stepwise with the formation of macromolecular intermediates ( Alpers, Petermann and Rall, 1956 ).

This warns the chartist that the formation in progress is quite likely to be a top.

In the first picture ( 9a ) the knife is just beginning to advance into the inclined surface which was left from the previous chip formation.

( Pp. 228-229 ) in any event, it is obvious that the anti-trust laws did not prevent the formation of some of the greatest financial empires the world has ever known, held together by some of the most fantastic ideas, all based on the fundamental notion that a corporation is an individual who can trade and exchange goods without control by the government ''.

Scientists assume that cholesterol ( from the Greek chole, meaning bile, and sterios, meaning solid ) is somehow necessary for the formation of brain cells, since it accounts for about 2% of the brain's total solid weight.

In simultaneous microsporogenesis, there is no wall formation until all four cell nuclei are present.

In quantum mechanics, where all particle momenta are associated with waves, it is the formation of such a wave packet which localizes the wave, and thus the particle, in space.

Another example is the formation of hypusine in the translation initiation factor EIF5A, through modification of a lysine residue.

Immediately below this formation is the Bearpaw Shale, a marine formation representing a section of the Western Interior Seaway.

In the formation of an ordinary agate, it is probable that waters containing silica in solution — derived, perhaps, from the decomposition of some of the silicates in the lava itself — percolated through the rock and deposited a siliceous coating on the interior of the vapour-vesicles.

Cytochrome c is also released from mitochondria due to formation of a channel, the mitochondrial apoptosis-induced channel ( MAC ), in the outer mitochondrial membrane, and serves a regulatory function as it precedes morphological change associated with apoptosis.

HPV E6 and E7 are inhibitory proteins expressed by the human papillomavirus, HPV is responsible for the formation of the cervical tumor from which HeLa cells are derived.

Reproduction is thought to take place by formation of swarmer cells ( formerly referred to as " spores "), which may be flagellate.

For more complex alkynes, the Lindlar catalyst is widely recommended to avoid formation of the alkane, for example in the conversion of phenylacetylene to styrene.

The universal aqueous acid – base definition of the Arrhenius concept is described as the formation of water from a proton and hydroxide ions, or hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions from the dissociation of an acid and base in aqueous solution:

A standard solution to this problem is found in Zermelo's set theory, which does not allow the unrestricted formation of sets from arbitrary properties.

The movie is also credited as one of the events that inspired the formation of the " second era " Ku Klux Klan at Stone Mountain, Georgia in the same year.

The precise formation mechanism is not known for certain, but the most widely accepted hypothesis suggests that the edge of the Cathedral Formation reef became detached from the rest of the reef, slumping and being transported some distance — perhaps kilometers — away from the reef edge.