A new party, the Republic Party, is headed by ex-Prime Minister Aram Sargsyan, brother of Vazgen Sargsyan, and has become the primary voice of the opposition, which also includes the Armenian Communist Party, the National Unity party of Artashes Geghamyan, and elements of the former Ter-Petrosyan government.

* 2001 – NATO decides to send a peace-keeping force to the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.

These studies were performed mainly in the former Soviet Union, at the Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology and Virology, Republic of Georgia.

To stop the ethnic cleansing and genocide of Albanians by nationalist Serbs in the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia's province of Kosovo, Clinton authorized the use of American troops in a NATO bombing campaign against Yugoslavia in 1999, named Operation Allied Force.

In November 1995, the presidents of Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zaire ( currently Democratic Republic of Congo ) announced a regional initiative for a negotiated peace in Burundi facilitated by former Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere.

Current mainline railway lines in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland are shown in black, heritage lines in green, subway lines in red and former railway lines in light blue.

A Bohemian () is a resident of the former Kingdom of Bohemia, either in a narrow sense as the region of Bohemia proper or in a wider meaning as the whole country, now known as the Czech Republic.

Two new groups, the Armed Forces for a Federal Republic ( FARF ) led by former Kette ally Laokein Barde and the Democratic Front for Renewal ( FDR ), and a reformulated MDD clashed with government forces from 1994 to 1995.

Costa Rica occupied a nonpermanent seat in the Security Council from 1997 to 1999 and exercised a leadership role in confronting crises in the Middle East and Africa, as well as in the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

Furthermore, there are 52 foreign embassies and 69 consulates in the Republic of Croatia in addition to offices of international organizations such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Organization for Migration, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ), World Bank, World Health Organization, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ( ICTY ), United Nations Development Programme, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and UNICEF.

Relations between the Republic of Vanuatu and Cuba began shortly after the former gained its independence from France and the United Kingdom in 1980, and began establishing its own foreign policy as a newly independent state.

That year, the Congress of Angostura established the Republic of Gran Colombia, which included all territories under jurisdiction of the former Viceroyalty of New Granada.

In March 2006, the parliament overturned a veto by President Václav Klaus, and the Czech Republic became the first former communist country in Europe to grant legal recognition to same-sex partnerships.

In 1990, it was discovered in the archive of the Stasi ( the state security service of the former German Democratic Republic ) that a member of CND's governing council, Vic Allen, had passed information to them about CND.

The foundation of the Republic of Macedonia followed the breakup of the former Yugoslav Republic in 1991.

In its temporary dispositions, the document ordered the transition from the former military government, with Augusto Pinochet as President of the Republic, and the Legislative Power of the Military Junta ( formed by the heads of the navy, air force, National Police, and a representative of the army, the head of the Army being president of the republic ), to a civil one, with a time frame of eight years, during which the Legislative Power would still be the Military Junta.

" People in the new federal states of Germany ( the former German Democratic Republic ) were offended by Stoiber's remarks.

Albanians celebrate their independence day on 28 November ( which is the date on which they declared their independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1912 ), while in the former People's Socialist Republic of Albania the National Liberation festivity date was 29 November.

* 2002 – The trial of Slobodan Milošević, the former President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, begins at the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague.

* National People's Army ( 1956 – 1990 ), armed forces of the former German Democratic Republic

Germany concluded four treaties with the Soviet Union covering the overall bilateral relationship, economic relations, the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the territory of the former German Democratic Republic, and German support for those troops.

Concerned about stability in Central Africa and the potential for intervention, Gabon has been directly involved with mediation efforts in Chad, Central African Republic, Congo-Brazzaville, Angola, and former Zaire.

The CAF was a semi-independent state in southern Africa that existed from 1953 to the end of 1963, comprising the former self-governing Dominion of Southern Rhodesia and the British Colonies of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland.

The country, based in Salisbury, was considered a de facto successor state to the former British colony of Southern Rhodesia ( which had achieved responsible government in 1923 ).

However, after the former colony of Northern Rhodesia renamed itself Zambia on independence in 1964, and Nyasaland renamed itself Malawi in 1964, the colony of Southern Rhodesia changed its name to simply " Rhodesia ", also in 1964.

* October 24 – Northern Rhodesia, a former British protectorate, becomes the independent Republic of Zambia, ending 73 years of British rule.

From 1964 it only referred to the former Southern Rhodesia.

It was also agreed that half of the proceeds of land sales in the former North-Western Rhodesia would go to the Company.

When the Federation dissolved at the end of 1963, Northern Rhodesia reverted to its former status until achieving independence as the nation of Zambia on 24 October 1964.

* United Federal Party, a former political party of Southern Rhodesia from 1934 to 1965

He formed a joint government with Ian Smith, the former Prime Minister of Rhodesia, who was a Minister without Portfolio.

Parris is the eldest of six children ( three brothers and two sisters ) and grew up in several British territories and former territories: South Africa, Cyprus, Rhodesia ( Zimbabwe ), Swaziland and Jamaica, where his father was working as an electrical engineer.

There, he campaigned for the amalgamation of Northern and Southern Rhodesia ( the latter under white self-government, the former under the colonial office ).

The Southern Rhodesian Liberal Party was a political party in Southern Rhodesia, founded in 1939 by Jacob Smit ( 1881 – 1959 ), the former United Party ( UP ) minister of finance.

The second is the party founded and led by former UFP premier of Southern Rhodesia, Sir Garfield Todd, during the time in which Southern Rhodesia was one of three territories within the Central African Federation ( CAF ).

* 14 August – Donal Lamont, former Catholic Bishop in Rhodesia ( born 1911 ).

* Donal Lamont, former Catholic Bishop in Rhodesia ( died 2003 ).

In his will he set up the Beit Trust through which he bequeathed large sums of money (£ 1, 200, 000 ) for infrastructure development in the former Northern and Southern Rhodesia, later modified to university education and research in Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi.

He was one of only two drivers from the former republic of Rhodesia to successfully enter a Formula One race, the other being John Love.

The battalion consisted of around 9, 000 black recruits and non-commissioned officers ( mostly Angolan nationals associated with the former FNLA ) and was staffed by white South African officers, although commissioned military personnel from countries such as Australia, Rhodesia, Portugal and the United States were active with the battalion, especially in its early stages.

Clive Puzey ( born 11 July 1941 in Bulawayo ) is a former racing driver from Rhodesia.

Another example of combined police and military oversight of pseudo-operations include the Selous Scouts in former country Rhodesia ( current Zimbabwe ), governed by white minority rule until 1980.