With the sharp growth of economies in the 20th century, and increasing foreign exchange, the world's gold reserves and their trading market have become a small fraction of all markets and fixed exchange rates of currencies to gold were no longer sustained.

A high surface area is crucial to the gas exchange of aquatic organisms as water contains only a small fraction of the dissolved oxygen that air does.

The Indian was again raising his bottle, but to my astonished relief -- probably only a fraction of Johnson's -- the bottle this time went to the Indian's lips.

After an unspeakable siege, lasting the better part of two months, it was announced that the studio `` owed '' the government a tax debt in excess of eight million dollars while I, who had always remained aloof from such iniquitous practices as paying taxes on the salary I had earned and the little I legally inherited as Morris' helpless relict, was `` stung '' with a personal bill of such astronomical proportions as to `` wipe out '' all but a fraction of my poor, hard-come-by savings.

The mean temperature of the surface was then computed according to the following relation: Af where x is the fraction of the plug area covered by the hot spot.

It was then distilled at least three times from a trap at -78-degrees to a liquid air trap with only a small middle fraction being retained in each distillation.

When paper electrophoresis was to be used for preparation, eight strips of a whole serum sample or a chromatographic fraction concentrated by negative pressure dialysis were run/chamber under the conditions described above.

when the insoluble fraction was suspended in a volume of saline equal to that of the original serum sample, no complete antibody activity could be detected.

After passing Af through DEAE-cellulose, the titer of antibodies to WTV in the specific fraction was 1: 4 of the titer before such passage ( precipitin ring tests by R. F. Whitcomb ) ; ;

In Chicago, some time ago, Mr. H., age 27, a diabetic since he was six, stopped using insulin because he had bought a `` magic spike '' -- a glass tube about the size of a pencil filled with barium chloride worth a small fraction of a cent -- sold by the Vrilium Company of Chicago for $306 as a cure-all.

But the sponsorship deal was terminated before it commenced after it was revealed that British steel only made up a tiny fraction of steel used in construction of the stadium-the bulk of the steel had been imported from Germany.

The production cost of a V-1 was only a small fraction of that of a V-2 supersonic ballistic missile, carrying a similar-sized warhead.

The average age of the officers whose names were listed as signing the letter was 74, the oldest was 98, and Servicemembers United noted that " only a small fraction of these officers have even served in the military during the ' Don't Ask, Don't Tell ' period, much less in the 21st century military.

He admits that " a large fraction his audience seems to be those who are fascinated by technology ", but when it was suggested that his work " has inspired many students to begin careers in computing and artificial intelligence " he replied that he was pleased about that, but that he himself has " no interest in computers.

The unit was redefined in terms of the tropical year at 1900. 0 instead of the sidereal year ; and the standard second was defined first as 1 / 31556925. 975 of the tropical year at 1900. 0, and then as the slightly modified fraction 1 / 31556925. 9747 instead, finally being redefined in 1967 / 8 in terms of the cesium atomic clock standard ( see below ).

Amidst the devastation of the Stunde Null year of 1945 cinema attendance was unsurprisingly down to a fraction of its wartime heights, but already by the end of the decade it had reached levels that exceeded the pre-war period.

Omar Khayyám ( 1048 – 1131 ), a Persian scientist, calculated the length of a solar year to 10 decimal places and was only out by a fraction of a second when compared to our modern day calculations.

During the Ingrian War, a fraction of the Ladoga coast was occupied by Sweden.

No such α-activity was observed, but the 101 fraction showed spontaneous fission representing a t < sub > ½ </ sub > less than 3 hours.

Because spontaneous fission was also observed in the fraction containing fermium, the α-bombardment of < sup > 253 </ sup > Es produced < sup > 256 </ sup > Md.

There was shown that in this method it is possible to transport and collect individual product atoms in a fraction of a second some tens of meters away from the target area.

Current technological limitations typically allow only a fraction of an individual ’ s genotype to be determined efficiently.

Blood viscosity is determined by plasma viscosity, hematocrit ( volume fraction of red blood cell, which constitute 99. 9 % of the cellular elements ) and mechanical behaviour of red blood cells.

Absorption is often determined by measuring the fraction of energy transmitted through the material ; absorption will decrease the transmitted portion.

Note: In adaptive HF radio automatic link establishment, PBER is determined by the extent of error correction, such as by using the fraction of non-unanimous votes in the 2-of-3 majority decoder.

Every rational number / has two closely related expressions as a finite continued fraction, whose coefficients can be determined by applying the Euclidean algorithm to.

In practice, only a small fraction of computer program code is mathematically proven, or even goes through comprehensive information technology audits or inexpensive but extremely valuable computer security audits, so it's usually possible for a determined hacker to read, copy, alter or destroy data in well secured computers, albeit at the cost of great time and resources.

Mathematically, corrosion rates of glasses are characterized by normalized corrosion rates of elements NR < sub > i </ sub > ( g / cm < sup > 2 </ sup >· d ) which are determined as the ratio of total amount of released species into the water M < sub > i </ sub > ( g ) to the water-contacting surface area S ( cm < sup > 2 </ sup >), time of contact t ( days ) and weight fraction content of the element in the glass f < sub > i </ sub >:

In aerospace engineering, the propellant mass fraction is a measure of a vehicle's performance, determined as the portion of the vehicle's mass which does not reach the destination.

The gross conversion efficiencies ( taking into account that the solar dishes or troughs occupy only a fraction of the total area of the power plant ) are determined by net generating capacity over the solar energy that falls on the total area of the solar plant.

If an agent or salesperson working for the buyer's broker brings the buyer for the property, then the buyer's broker would commonly compensate his agent with a fraction of the co-op commission, again as determined in a separate agreement.

Blood viscosity is determined by plasma viscosity, hematocrit ( volume fraction of red blood cell, which constitute 99. 9 % of the cellular elements ) and mechanical behavior of red blood cells.

The former ( with check digit ) is preferred to ensure better accuracy, but requires computing the check digit, while the latter is easily determined by inspection of the fraction, with minimal clerical handlings.

The prefix ( 55 ) no longer has any relevance, but from the remainder of the fraction, the first 8 digits of the routing number ( 02120002 ) can be determined, and the check digit ( the last digit, 5 in this example ) can be calculated by using the check digit formula ( thus giving 021200025 ).

" The minimum number of harnesses needed to produce a twill can be determined by totaling the numbers in the fraction.

Statutes generally give wide discretion not to prosecute: in 2004, Florida determined that one-third of complaints were unfounded, and a large fraction of the remainder were handled by consent decrees, rather than prosecution.

Often the well efficiency is determined from this sort of test, this is a percentage indicating the fraction of total observed drawdown in a pumping well which is due to aquifer losses ( as opposed to being due to flow through the well screen and inside the borehole ).

Universitario's second title, in 1934 generated controversy because according to the season regulations, the season champion would be determined by the points earned by the senior teams and a fraction of the respective reserve teams.

No one has determined the fraction of practical problems for which an algorithm yields good results rapidly.

Prior to the fraction collection, the samples that are eluted from the column pass through a detector such as a spectrophotometer or mass spectrometer so that the concentration of the separated samples in the sample solution mixture can be determined.

If given the enantiomeric excess of a mixture, the fraction of the major isomer, say, can be determined using and the minor isomer.

For a given point, the fraction of each of the three materials in the composition can be determined by the first.

A win is determined by a fraction of a second.

Gauge is determined from the weight of a solid sphere of lead that will fit the bore of the firearm, and is expressed as the multiplicative inverse of the sphere's weight as a fraction of a pound ( e. g., a th pound ball fits a 12-gauge bore ).