The conquest of the Byzantine Empire, center of the Eastern Orthodox Church, by the Muslim Ottoman Empire in the 15th century, and the gradual fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire ( which had replaced the Frankish Empire ) led to a change of the importance of Roman Catholic / Protestant vs. Eastern Orthodox concept in Europe.

Sancho aspired to unify the Christian principalities in the face of the fragmentation of Muslim Spain into the taifa kingdoms following the Battle of Calatañazor.

After the fragmentation of the Caliphate of Córdoba, Almería continued to be ruled by powerful local Muslim Taifa emirs like Jairan, the first independent Emir of Almería and Cartagena, and Almotacin, the poet emir.

With the collapse of the Umayyad state shortly thereafter and the increasing fragmentation of the Muslim world, the Byzantine navy was left as the sole organized naval force in the Mediterranean.

The western provinces of Silesia and Pomerania were lost after the fragmentation, and Poland began expanding to the east.

Some historians consider that the west side of Norfolk was settled before the east side and that society underwent a progressive fragmentation during the Iron Age until around 60 BC when larger groups started to emerge.

The western provinces of Silesia and Pomerania were lost after the fragmentation, and Poland began expanding to the east.

Ward-Perkins suggests the Welsh had to abandon those Roman ways which proved insufficient, or indeed superfluous, to meet the challenge of survival they faced, “ Militarized tribal societies, despite their political fragmentation and internecine strife, seem to have offered better protection against Germanic invasion then exclusive dependence on a professional Roman army ( that in the troubled years of the fifth century was all too prone to melt away or mutiny ).” Reverting to a more militaristic tribal society allowed the Welsh of Gwynedd to concentrate on those martial skills necessary for their very survival ; and the Romano-Britons of western Britain did offer stiffer and an ultimately successful resistance.

This growth has allowed for continuious large-scale inventories of species ’ response to fragmentation, which is a main focal point of research concerning future conservation ( Bierregaard 2001 ).

The fragmentation of power in Egypt allowed the Nubians to regain autonomy.

A final factor which contributed greatly to the fragmentation of the Congo, immediately after independence, was the provincial structure that had been established by the Belgians for convenience in administration.

See Scandza for details of Scandinavia's political fragmentation in the 6th century.

Extension headers carry options that are used for special treatment of a packet in the network, e. g., for routing, fragmentation, and for security using the IPsec framework.

The first half of the 19th century for Europe was marked by a number of wars and revolutions, which contributed to a turning from the realities of the political and social fragmentation that were taking place, and a further trend towards Romanticism.

When it becomes possible for a people to describe as ‘ postmodern ’ the décor of a room, the design of a building, the diegesis of a film, the construction of a record, or a ‘ scratch ’ video, a television commercial, or an arts documentary, or the ‘ intertextual ’ relations between them, the layout of a page in a fashion magazine or critical journal, an anti-teleological tendency within epistemology, the attack on the ‘ metaphysics of presence ’, a general attenuation of feeling, the collective chagrin and morbid projections of a post-War generation of baby boomers confronting disillusioned middle-age, the ‘ predicament ’ of reflexivity, a group of rhetorical tropes, a proliferation of surfaces, a new phase in commodity fetishism, a fascination for images, codes and styles, a process of cultural, political or existential fragmentation and / or crisis, the ‘ de-centring ’ of the subject, an ‘ incredulity towards metanarratives ’, the replacement of unitary power axes by a plurality of power / discourse formations, the ‘ implosion of meaning ’, the collapse of cultural hierarchies, the dread engendered by the threat of nuclear self-destruction, the decline of the university, the functioning and effects of the new miniaturised technologies, broad societal and economic shifts into a ‘ media ’, ‘ consumer ’ or ‘ multinational ’ phase, a sense ( depending on who you read ) of ‘ placelessness ’ or the abandonment of placelessness (‘ critical regionalism ’) or ( even ) a generalised substitution of spatial for temporal coordinates-when it becomes possible to describe all these things as ‘ Postmodern ’ ( or more simply using a current abbreviation as ‘ post ’ or ‘ very post ’) then it ’ s clear we are in the presence of a buzzword.

Multiple overlapping reads for the target DNA are obtained by performing several rounds of this fragmentation and sequencing.

During allopatric ( from the ancient Greek allos, " other " + Greek patrā, " fatherland ") speciation, a population splits into two geographically isolated populations ( for example, by habitat fragmentation due to geographical change such as mountain building ).

Major reasons for population decline include habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation and poaching.

The RPO-M for instance, has a thermobaric warhead with a TNT equivalence of of TNT and similar destructive capabilities as a 152 mm High explosive fragmentation artillery shell.

Virtual memory makes application programming easier by hiding fragmentation of physical memory ; by delegating to the kernel the burden of managing the memory hierarchy ( eliminating the need for the program to handle overlays explicitly );

Although the extent-based nature of XFS and the delayed allocation strategy it uses significantly improves the file system's resistance to fragmentation problems, XFS provides a filesystem defragmentation utility (, short for XFS filesystem reorganizer ) that can defragment the files on a mounted and active XFS filesystem.

However, a " repacker " tool was planned for the next Reiser4 file system to deal with file fragmentation.

* Gentoo Forum Link – Discussion on ReiserFS fragmentation, including a script for measuring fragmentation and defragmenting files.

The primary threat comes from destruction and fragmentation of velvet worm habitat due to industrialisation, draining of wetlands and " slash and burn " for agriculture.

The problems created by Teresa's movement for those stubbornly rejecting the need for reform had created the fragmentation of the Order in Castile and many committed nuns and friars now belonged to a completely separate Order.

To combat fragmentation, flint / chert may be heat-treated, being slowly brought up to a temperature of for 24 hours, then slowly cooled to room temperature.

While conventionally viewed as small metal shards moving at super-to hypersonic speeds, fragmentation can occur in epic proportions and travel for extensive distances.

According to the Sloan Career Cornerstone Center, Computer engineers working in this area develop new methods for protecting various information, such as digital images and music, fragmentation, copyright infringement and other forms of tampering.

After Bolesław III divided the country among his sons, internal fragmentation eroded the initial Piast monarchy structure in the 12th and 13th centuries.

Many comets have been observed to fragment far from perihelion, and it seems that in the case of the Kreutz Sungrazers, an initial fragmentation near perihelion can be followed by an ongoing ' cascade ' of break-ups throughout the rest of the orbit.

The confusion of tongues ( confusio linguarum ) is the initial fragmentation of human languages described in the Book of Genesis 11: 1 – 9, as a result of the construction of the Tower of Babel.

After Bolesław III divided the country among his sons, internal fragmentation eroded the initial Piast monarchy structure in the 12th and 13th centuries.

Forest fragmentation in North American forests has resulted in both increased nest predation and increased cowbird parasitism, significantly reducing their reproductive success.

After tracing the adaptation strategy of the Party of Communists from Republic of Moldova, he finds confirming evidence for five of the factors contributing to the electoral success, already mentioned in the theoretical literature on former Communist parties: the economic situation, the weakness of the opponents, the electoral laws, the fragmentation of the political spectrum and the legacy of the old regime.

During the 11th and 12th centuries the Polish state was ' in fragmentation ' amongst the competing Royal Dukes causing instability.

The other, of course, was the Civil War, the conflict which a century ago insured national unity over fragmentation.

The late 18th century saw the beginnings of a fragmentation of the Church of Scotland that had been created in the Reformation.

Unlike other Polish provinces, especially Silesia, Lesser Poland did not undergo further fragmentation, and in early 14th century became the core of the reunited nation ( together with Greater Poland ).

Their populations have experienced a steady decline since the 19th century in the face of trapping, range reduction and habitat fragmentation, such that they are essentially absent in the southern end of their European range.

In China, the Han Dynasty is replaced by the Jin Dynasty and later the Tang Dynasty until the 10th century sees renewed fragmentation in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period.

After the fragmentation of the Caliphate, the city became subject to various rulers, including the Mamluks of Cairo in the 13th century and finally, in 1517, the Ottoman Turks.

The 3rd century AD saw both the fragmentation of the Xianbei Empire in 235 and the branching out of the various Xianbei tribes later to establish significant empires of their own.

The development of accommodation and car parks for the college and multiple use as a country and sculpture park and general neglect in the second half of the 20th century led to the historic landscape's fragmentation and it was designated " at risk " by English Heritage in 2009.

The bobcat also suffered population declines in New Jersey at the turn of the nineteenth century, mainly because of commercial and agricultural developments causing habitat fragmentation ; by 1972, the bobcat was given full legal protection, and was listed as endangered in the state in 1991.

Both of these terms are used by philosophers, social scientists and social critics to refer to aspects of contemporary culture, economics and society that are the result of features of late 20th century and early 21st century life, including the fragmentation of authority and the commoditization of knowledge ( see " Modernity ").

The Ōnin War ( 1467 – 1477 ) led to serious political fragmentation and obliteration of domains: a great struggle for land and power ensued among bushi chieftains and lasted until the mid-sixteenth century.

The Church and the Assyrian community in general faced considerable fragmentation and upheaval as a result of the conflicts of the 20th century, and Patriarch Shimun was forced to reorganize the church's structure in the United States.

At the early 15th century there was political fragmentation, where countries weren ’ t unified and had many separate rulers governing small areas.

This is the central enigma of the fourteenth century: the fragmentation and dissolution of the estate system, and the disappearance of the civil administration coincided with the proliferation of private lands, but the external framework of the estate system ( shōen ) and the public lands system ( kokugaryo ), though devoid of content, still remained.

It appears as if the scant differences between southern Canadian and western U. S. populations result from genetic drift due to the recent reduction in population and range fragmentation ; until the early 20th century the southern migratory birds occupied a much larger and continuous range.

With the fragmentation of Great Moravia under the pressure of the Magyar incursions in the 9th century, Bohemia began to form as an independent principality from the 880s.

This species, though less vulnerable than other cup-nesters, is still sometimes victim to brood parasitism from Brown-headed Cowbirds that have taken advantage of the fragmentation of Eastern forests to expand their range in the last century.

Only with the introduction of compulsory education in late 18th and early 19th century was the spelling further standardized, though at first independently in each state because of the political fragmentation of Germany.

With the fragmentation of the kingdom of Georgia in the 15th century, the kings of Georgia were left with Kartli alone, having Tbilisi as their capital.