In bottom-up sequencing projects, amplified DNA is sheared randomly into fragments appropriately sized for sequencing.

Once a tiling path has been selected, its component BACs are sheared into smaller fragments and sequenced.

Sonication is also used to fragment molecules of DNA, in which the DNA subjected to brief periods of sonication is sheared into smaller fragments.

A carbine cracked more loudly, and a slug clipped fragments from the brush off at one side.

Continental fragments correspond to land masses that have separated from a continental mass due to tectonic displacement.

* Archaeological research focuses on items left behind during people ’ s activities: fragments of pottery vessels, garbage, human remains, stone tools or evidence left from the construction of dwellings.

In 1992 – 1993 a research team headed by Tim White discovered the first A. ramidus fossils — seventeen fragments including skull, mandible, teeth and arm bones — from the Afar Depression in the Middle Awash river valley of Ethiopia.

* 1803 – Thousands of meteor fragments fall from the skies of L ' Aigle, France ; the event convinces European science that meteors exist.

His verses have not come down to us through a manuscript tradition-generations of scribes copying an author's collected works, such as delivered intact into the modern age four entire books of Pindar's odes-but haphazardly, in quotes from ancient scholars and commentators whose own works have chanced to survive, and in the tattered remnants of papyri uncovered from an ancient rubbish pile at Oxyrhynchus and other locations in Egypt: sources that modern scholars have studied and correlated exhaustively, adding little by little to the world's store of poetic fragments.

The first ' modern ' publication of Alcaeus ' verses appeared in a Greek and Latin edition of fragments collected from the canonic nine lyrical poets by Michael Neander, published at Basle in 1556.

In fact, eight important fragments have now been compiled from papyri-fr. s 9, 38A, 42, 45, 34, 129, 130 and most recently S262.

Most details of his life come from the fragments left from Porphyry's writings.

The project included collection and identification of all stone fragments, even small ones, from the Acropolis and its slopes and the attempt was made to restore as much as possible using reassembled original material-with new marble from Mount Penteli used sparingly.

A total of 2, 675 tons of architectural members were restored, with 686 stones reassembled from fragments of the originals, 905 patched with new marble, and 186 parts made entirely of new marble.

This family includes extant manuscripts dating from the 5th century or later ; however, papyrus fragments may be used to show that this text-type dates as early as the Alexandrian or Western text-types.

APCs are fundamentally different from the previously used armoured half-tracks in that they offer a higher level of protection from artillery burst fragments, and greater mobility in more terrain types.

The remains of Altdorfer's surviving work comprises 55 panels, 120 drawings, 125 woodcuts, 78 engravings, 36 etchings, 24 paintings on parchment, and fragments from a mural for the bathhouse of the Kaiserhof in Regensburg.

* Ashes or remains, dried bone fragments left from cremation

Unlike some non-mammalian animals ( such as lizards that shed their tails, salamanders that can regrow many missing body parts, and hydras, flatworms, and starfish that can regrow entire bodies from small fragments ), once removed, human extremities do not grow back, unlike portions of some organs, such as the liver.

Gels made from purified agarose have a relatively large pore size, making them useful for separation of large molecules, such as proteins and protein complexes > 200 kilodaltons, as well as DNA fragments > 100 basepairs.

These fragments would be held for many years in tradition, and learned by apprenticeship from one generation of illiterate poets to the next.

Instead it generates the sequences of many thousands of small DNA fragments ( ranging from 35 to 900 nucleotides long, depending on the sequencing technology ).

Textual scholars regard these two names as fragments of naming narratives coming from different sources-one being the Jahwist and the other being the Elohist.

Nevertheless, fragments of Judges ( such as the Song of Deborah ) have been dated from much earlier, perhaps close to the period the book depicts.

It found the analytic model used by the FBI for interpreting results was deeply flawed, and the conclusion, that bullet fragments could be matched to a box of ammunition, was so overstated that it was misleading under the rules of evidence.

The excavation discovered the following items in the two pits which formed a " T ": (# 1 ) remains of 46 human bones fragments ; (# 2 ) bullet jackets from short barrel guns / pistols ; (# 3 ) wooden boxes which had deteriorated into fragments: (# 4 ) pieces of ceramic which appear to be amphoras which were used as containers for acid ; (# 5 ) iron nails ; (# 6 ) iron angles: (# 7 ) seven fragments of teeth ; (# 8 ) fragment of fabric of a garment.

Two female bystanders took slight flesh wounds in the legs and buttocks by flying bullet and brick fragments.

Gerald Broome, Gaye Fidler and her husband John were all struck by bullet fragments, but survived.

A few hours later, as Dayan was on the roof of the building using binoculars to scan enemy Vichy French positions on the other side of the river, they were struck by a French rifle bullet fired by a marksman from several hundred yards away, propelling metal and glass fragments into his left eye and causing it severe damage.

Frangible bullets, made of tiny fragments held together by a weak binding, are often sold as an " ultimate " expanding bullet, as they will increase their effective diameter by an order of magnitude.

The bullet had severed an auditory nerve, leaving him deaf in one ear, and he has suffered chronic pain from bullet fragments lodged in his brain.

Baldwin recovers from the wound ( yet bullet fragments remain inoperably lodged near his spine ), and Richards determines that Baldwin's powers are evolving.

When loaded with a bullet that expands, tumbles, or fragments in tissue, this cartridge is capable of high terminal performance.

In the aftermath of a war, large areas of the region of conflict are often strewn with war debris in the form of abandoned or destroyed hardware and vehicles, mines, unexploded ordnance, bullet casings and other fragments of metal.

These bullets and small fragments often made small holes in the airframe ; but, unless the bullet struck the pilot, the engine fuel or cooling system, or a wire or hydraulic line actuating control surfaces, the aircraft remained operational.

Also, when it strikes a hard surface from which a solid bullet would glance off, it fragments into tiny, light pieces and creates much less ricochet danger.

When loaded with a bullet that expands rapidly or fragments in tissue, this cartridge delivers devastating terminal performance.

To this day he still has bullet fragments left in his heart.

However, to address this fear, many metal plates are encased in special materials designed to trap the bullet and / or its fragments.

** A " fulminating " bullet contains a small unstable high explosive charge and is designed to shatter into fragments after impact or inside the wound.

In cases of trauma, for example in compound skull fractures where fragments of bone are pushed into the substance of the brain, the cause of the abscess is obvious.

Firing at the ground may result in a ricochet or cause hazardous fragments to be flung at people or objects.

The device may cause damage either by a direct blast or by fragments that are thrown by the blast.

*** Fragmentation: Metal fragments are projected at high velocity to cause damage or injury.

The passage of stone fragments may take a few days or a week and may cause mild pain.

Mixing water with thermite or pouring water onto burning thermite can cause a steam explosion, spraying hot fragments in all directions.

When ultraviolet rays penetrate the skin and damage DNA, thymidine dinucleotide ( pTpT ) fragments from damaged DNA will trigger melanogenesis and cause the melanocyte to produce melanosomes, which are then transferred by dendrite to the top layer of keratinocytes.

The burning is thought to cause the collapse of the roof which crushed the army figures below, and the terracotta figures presently displayed have been reconstructed from fragments of the crushed figures.

Kevlar soft armor had its shortcomings because if " large fragments or high velocity bullets hit the vest, the energy could cause life-threatening, blunt trauma injuries " in selected, vital areas.

Fab and F ( ab ') 2 antibody fragments are used in assay systems where the presence of the Fc region may cause problems.

Both for Strauss and for Plato, genuinely philosophical writing does not impart special knowledge to its reader, but helps its reader deepen his own understanding of the problems underlying all special knowledge: those readers who seek special knowledge in Platonic dialogues hanker to apply fragments of philosophical discourse to political life — a superficial move — thereby betraying the cause of genuinely philosophical writers.

* A rapid rate of pressure rise will cause the metal to act as a crystal and shatter into fragments, which are pushed outward in all directions by the expanding gases.

IP fragmentation can cause excessive retransmissions when fragments encounter packet loss and reliable protocols such as TCP must retransmit all of the fragments in order to recover from the loss of a single fragment.

High energy rounds that do not fully penetrate may still cause spall ( high velocity metal fragments ) within the vehicle, if close enough to penetration.

During lagging strand synthesis, DNA ligase I connects the Okazaki fragments, following replacement of the RNA primers with DNA nucleotides by DNA polymerase δ. Okazaki fragments that are not ligated could cause double-strand-breaks, which cleaves the DNA.

Because Okazaki fragments are the set of nucleotides for the lagging strand, any alteration including deletions, insertions, or duplications from the original strand can cause a mutation if it is not detected and fixed.

Although later models were fitted with a shield to protect the user from cap fragments there was still a risk of being maimed or killed as a multiple discharge could cause the gun to explode.

Under extreme conditions, ballooning will cause the converter housing to rupture, resulting in the violent dispersal of hot oil and metal fragments over a wide area.

Because PunkBuster scans all of a machine's virtual memory, malicious users were able to cause mass false positives by transmitting text fragments from known cheat programs onto a high population IRC channel.

Holes made by such fragments were more likely to cause destructive disruption of airflow around high-speed aircraft, but the hit probability was lowered for the smaller number of fragments from a warhead of equal size.

Although their habitat is rapidly disappearing and becoming fragmented, making it nearly impossible for slow lorises to disperse between forest fragments, unsustainable demand from the exotic pet trade and traditional medicine has been the greatest cause for their decline.