Neutrons have no electrical charge and have a free mass of 1, 839 times the mass of electrons, or.

In this model, the electrons were free to rotate within the blob or cloud of positive substance.

In Thomson's model, electrons were free to rotate in rings which were further stabilized by interactions between the electrons, and spectra were to be accounted for by energy differences of different ring orbits.

This might include such ordinary matter as neutrinos or free electrons ; however, it may also include exotic species of non-baryonic dark matter, such as supersymmetric particles, axions, or black holes.

Drude's model described properties of metals in terms of a gas of free electrons, and was the first microscopic model to explain empirical observations such as the Wiedemann – Franz law.

A solid conductive metal contains mobile, or free electrons, originating in the conduction electrons.

Metals are particularly conductive because there are a large number of these free electrons, typically one per atom in the lattice.

As George Gamow put in his science-popularizing book, One, Two, Three ... Infinity ( 1947 ), " The metallic substances differ from all other materials by the fact that the outer shells of their atoms are bound rather loosely, and often let one of their electrons go free.

When a metal wire is subjected to electric force applied on its opposite ends, these free electrons rush in the direction of the force, thus forming what we call an electric current.

The moment contact is made, the free electrons of the conductor are forced to drift toward the positive terminal under the influence of this field.

However, once the applied electric field approaches the breakdown value, free electrons become sufficiently accelerated by the electric field to create additional free electrons by colliding, and ionizing, neutral gas atoms or molecules in a process called avalanche breakdown.

However, metal electrode surfaces can cause a region of the vacuum to become conductive by injecting free electrons or ions through either field electron emission or thermionic emission.

Thermionic emission occurs when the thermal energy exceeds the metal's work function, while field electron emission occurs when the electric field at the surface of the metal is high enough to cause tunneling, which results in the ejection of free electrons from the metal into the vacuum.

Energetically, these bands are located between the energy of the ground state, the state in which electrons are tightly bound to the atomic nuclei of the material, and the free electron energy, the latter describing the energy required for an electron to escape entirely from the material.

The current-carrying electrons in the conduction band are known as " free electrons ", although they are often simply called " electrons " if context allows this usage to be clear.

At low pressure, there was enough space between the gas atoms that the ions could accelerate to high enough speeds that when they struck another atom they knocked electrons off of it, creating more positive ions and free electrons in a chain reaction.

In Persia, where practically speaking there are no museums or libraries or, for that matter, hardly any books, the twins run free.

Those who are sexually liberated can become creatively alive and free, their instincts put at the service of the imagination.

Since the slogans have little application to reality and are sanctimonious to boot, the applause is faint even in areas of the world where we should expect to find the greatest affection for free government.

They tell us, sir, that we are free, because we have in one hand a ballot, and in the other a stock certificate.

It is not implied that formal principles and procedures are so firmly entrenched within the public order of the world community or even of free commonwealths that they will control in all circumstances involving Jews and Gentiles during coming years.

Ordinary methods of diplomacy within the free world are inadequate, said the former Prime Minister.

What is required is the full implementation of Article 2 of the Treaty, which provides: `` The Parties will contribute toward the further development of peaceful and friendly international relations by strengthening their free institutions, by bringing about a better understanding of the principles upon which these institutions are founded, and by promoting conditions of stability and well-being.

That time is now past and the Atlantic nations, if they are to survive, must develop a full-fledged community, and they must also look beyond the frontiers of `` Western civilization '' toward a world-wide `` concert of free nations ''.

He is dedicated to building the nation's strength and, as are all West Germans, to a free Berlin and to reunion with captive East Germany.

In order to attract new industries, 15 states or more are issuing tax free bonds to build government owned plants which are leased to private enterprise.

Does this man live in a neighborhood where all are free loaders unwilling to help themselves, but ready to demand that `` the community '' help and protect them??

Many hours are given free by the Jaycees to make this and all local pageants outstanding events.

In addition to the basic programs in wavelength standards, spectroscopy, solid state physics, interactions of the free electron and atomic constants which are necessary to provide the foundation for technological progress, the Bureau has strengthened its activities in laboratory astrophysics.

With respect to skywave service rendered at night, class 1, -- A stations are the only stations permitted to operate in the United States on clear channels specified for class 1, -- A operation, and so render skywave service free from cochannel interference whereever they may be received ; ;

Some renditions are of symphonic dimensions, with the contrabass given free rein.

The wall panels are constructed of a framework of standard Af and Af of a good grade, free from structural faults.

At some cities, this pick-up and delivery service is without additional charge, and, if you are budget-wise, when you are planning your itinerary, you will take advantage of these free delivery and collection stations in major cities within the larger European countries.

It is apparent from the above and from experimental evidence that the cooling requirements for the anode of free burning arcs are large compared with those for the cathode.

If tyrosine and a system generating hydrogen peroxide are added to a cell-free homogenate of the thyroid, large quantities of free mono-iodotyrosine can be formed ( Alexander, 1959 ).

In the thyroid gland it appears that proteins ( chiefly thyroglobulin ) are iodinated and that free tyrosine and thyronine are not iodinated.

Moreover, if Af and Af are two planes intersecting in a line l, tangent to Q at a point P, the two free intersections of the image curves Af and Af must coincide at P', the image of P, and at this point Af and Af must have a common tangent l'.

The fact of Indian ancestry and `` free '' status during the days of slavery, are important distinctions made by members of the group.

* Nature of grace – Arminians believe that, through grace, God restores free will concerning salvation to all humanity, and each individual, therefore, is able either to accept the Gospel call through faith or resist it through unbelief.

" He points to the fact that the Pope claims universal jurisdiction and he therefore argues that " it would be intolerable to have, as the sovereign of a Protestant and free country, one who owes any allegiance to the head of any other state " and contends that if such situation came about " we will have undone centuries of common law.

Robert Hooke, in 1674, published his observations of γ Draconis, a star of magnitude 2 < sup > m </ sup > which passes practically overhead at the latitude of London, and whose observations are therefore free from the complex corrections due to astronomical refraction, and concluded that this star was 23 ″ more northerly in July than in October.

# Stainless: In accomplishing the second bhūmi, the bodhisattva is free from the stains of immorality, therefore, this bhūmi is named " stainless ".

Ballpoint pens are often provided free by businesses as a form of advertising — printed with a company's name ; a ballpoint pen is a relatively low cost advertisement that is highly effective ( customers will use, and therefore see, a pen daily ).

They regard the Bible as inspired by God and, therefore, believe that, in its original form, it was error free ( errors in later copies are thought to be due to ' errors of transcription or translation ').

Critics of planned economies argue that planners cannot detect consumer preferences, shortages, and surpluses with sufficient accuracy and therefore cannot efficiently co-ordinate production ( in a market economy, a free price system is intended to serve this purpose ).

In the aqueous environment of the cell, the conjugated π bonds of nucleotide bases align perpendicular to the axis of the DNA molecule, minimizing their interaction with the solvation shell and therefore, the Gibbs free energy.

If a person is free to anger you at will, you have no control over your internal world, and therefore no freedom.

The main difference between the early EEC and the EFTA was the absence of a common external customs tariff, and therefore each EFTA member was free to establish individual customs duties against trade with non EFTA countries.

This equilibrating behavior of free markets requires certain assumptions about their agents, collectively known as Perfect Competition, which therefore cannot be results of the market that they create.

While its supporters argue that only a free market can create healthy competition and therefore more business and reasonable prices, opponents say that a free market in its purest form may result in the opposite.

The metal therefore occurs often in free elemental ( native ) form, as nuggets or grains in rocks, in veins and in alluvial deposits.

There are standard techniques for rewriting an arbitrary formula into one which does not use function or constant symbols, at the cost of introducing additional quantifiers ; we will therefore assume that all formulas are free of such symbols.

Only the Bene Gesserit perceive the Golden Path and are therefore faced with a choice: keep to their traditional role of hidden manipulators who quietly ease tensions and guide human progress while struggling for their own survival, or embrace the Golden Path and push humanity onward into a new future where humans are free from the threat of extinction.

In blues music, the harmonica is casually referred to as a " blues harp " or " harp ", but it is a free reed wind instrument ; not a stringed instrument, and is therefore not a true harp.

However, most non-interventionists are supporters of free trade, travel, and support certain international agreements, and therefore differ from isolationists.

The minimum wage is usually different from the lowest wage determined by the forces of supply and demand in a free market, and therefore acts as a price floor.

If they believe in determinism, they will therefore believe free will to be an illusion, a position known as Hard Determinism.

The first is the midwifery was not a profession to which freeborn women of families that had enjoyed free status of several generations were attracted ; therefore it seems that most midwives were of servile origin.

Although the memory manager can recover unreachable memory, it cannot free memory that is still reachable and therefore potentially still useful.

The effect of circumstances on manorial economy is complex and at times contradictory: upland conditions tended to preserve peasant freedoms ( livestock husbandry in particular being less labour-intensive and therefore less demanding of villein services ); on the other hand, some upland areas of Europe showed some of the most oppressive manorial conditions, while lowland eastern England is credited with an exceptionally large free peasantry, in part a legacy of Scandinavian settlement.

" According to Rand, therefore, possessing free will, human beings must choose their values: one does not automatically hold one's own life as his ultimate value.