The " current gain " of a bipolar transistor, h < sub > FE </ sub > or h < sub > fe </ sub >, is normally given as a dimensionless number, the ratio of I < sub > c </ sub > to I < sub > b </ sub > ( or slope of the I < sub > c </ sub >- versus-I < sub > b </ sub > graph, for h < sub > fe </ sub >).

Fundamentally, all electronic devices used to provide power gain ( e. g. vacuum tubes, bipolar transistors, MOS transistors ) are nonlinear.

Psychiatrists have used topiramate to treat bipolar disorder, and they sometimes use topiramate to augment psychotropics, or to counteract the weight gain associated with numerous antidepressants.

" Intrinsically, there is little or no difference in the gain and stability available from vacuum tubes, JFET's, MOSFET's or bipolar junction transistors ( BJT's ).

Other unity gain buffer amplifiers include the bipolar junction transistor in common-collector configuration ( called an emitter follower because the emitter voltage follows the base voltage, or a voltage follower because the output voltage follows the input voltage ); the field effect transistor in common-drain configuration ( called a source follower because the source voltage follows the gate voltage or, again, a voltage follower because the output voltage follows the input voltage ); or similar configurations using vacuum tubes ( cathode follower ), or other active devices.

Sometimes the current gain, Ic / Ib is plotted on the same figure as well, here is an example for a SiGe bipolar transistor: Example Gummel Plot.

Heterojunction bipolar transistors have higher forward gain and lower reverse gain than traditional homojunction bipolar transistors.

( Heterojunction bipolar transistors were demonstrated at current gain frequencies over 600 GHz in April 2005.

This type of problem is particularly significant in bipolar transistors, which are dependent on minority carriers in their base regions ; increased losses caused by recombination cause loss of the transistor gain ( see neutron effects ).

The transistor provides current gain, allowing a relatively large current in the collector to be switched by a much smaller current into the base terminal.

Various configurations of single transistor amplifier are possible, with some providing current gain, some voltage gain, and some both.

* Maximum operating frequency: low, medium, high, radio frequency ( RF ), microwave ( The maximum effective frequency of a transistor is denoted by the term, an abbreviation for transition frequency — the frequency of transition is the frequency at which the transistor yields unity gain )

what is now known as the " PNP point-contact germanium transistor " operated as a speech amplifier with a power gain of 18 in that trial.

Additional scales such as decibels, and measurement functions such as capacitance, transistor gain, frequency, duty cycle, display hold, and buzzers which sound when the measured resistance is small have been included on many multimeters.

This configuration gives a much higher common-emitter current gain than each transistor taken separately and, in the case of integrated devices, can take less space than two individual transistors because they can use a shared collector.

A Darlington pair behaves like a single transistor with a high current gain ( approximately the product of the gains of the two transistors ).

* α, a symbol for common-base current gain of a transistor in electronics

Carefully controlled positive feedback around a single transistor amplifier can multiply its gain by 1, 000 or more.

I < sub > R2 </ sub > is the required load current and is also the transistor's emitter current ( assumed to be equal to the collector current ) and h < sub > FE ( min )</ sub > is the minimum acceptable DC current gain for the transistor.

The long-tailed pair has many attributes as a switch: largely immune to tube ( transistor ) variations ( of great importance when machines contained 1, 000 or more tubes ), high gain, gain stability, high input impedance, medium / low output impedance, good clipper ( with not-too-long tail ), non-inverting ( EDSAC contained no inverters!

This is because the regenerative detector has less gain with stronger signals, and because the stronger signals cause the tube or transistor to operate on a different section of its amplification curve ( i. e. grid V vs. plate V for tubes ; gate V vs drain V for FET's, and base current vs. collector current for BJT's ).

Common-emitter amplifiers give the amplifier an inverted output and can have a very high gain that may vary widely from one transistor to the next.

In other words, the circuit has current gain ( which depends largely on the h < sub > FE </ sub > of the transistor ) instead of voltage gain.

Thus the current gain of this transistor is one for 3 ns switching, but it still has voltage gain.

The power gain of an amplifier depends on the source and load impedances used as well as its voltage gain ; while an RF amplifier may have its impedances optimized for power transfer, audio and instrumentation amplifiers are normally employed with amplifier input and output impedances optimized for least loading and highest quality.

The governing bodies in each country operate league systems in a domestic season, normally comprising several divisions, in which the teams gain points throughout the season depending on results.

The gain medium of a laser is normally a material of controlled purity, size, concentration, and shape, which amplifies the beam by the process of stimulated emission described above.

The anoxic conditions at these depths have preserved thousands of artifacts that normally disintegrate in the ground, thus providing an opportunity to gain a fuller understanding of Roman life – military and otherwise – on the northern frontier.

This is because, conceptually, the signal is first passed through an all-pole filter ( which normally boosts gain at the resonant frequencies ) before the result of that is saturated, then passed through an all-zero filter ( which often attenuates much of what the all-pole half amplifies ).

Purchases from some of them ( generally called discount-only partner stores ) may not gain the P / V & B / V ( measures of sales volumes, used for calculating bonuses to be paid ) normally associated with an IBO's purchases.

It normally only works with the count ; that means that the player executing the squeeze in order to gain an additional trick needs to have all winners but one.

Having a right to their land gives women a sort of bargaining power that they wouldn ’ t normally have, in turn ; they gain the ability to assert themselves in various aspects of their life, both in and outside of the home.

An advance on this technique is to normally run the motor in open loop mode, and only enter closed loop mode if the rotor position error becomes too large ; this will allow the system to avoid hunting or oscillating, a problem when servo gain is set too high.

Therefore a signal can be amplified 20, 000 or even 100, 000 times in one stage, that would normally have a gain of only 20 to 50.

A clearance by itself is normally not sufficient to gain access ; the organization must determine that the cleared individual needs to know the information.

If the event that Zhao failed to gain Chen's approval, Zhao would then normally attempt to fall back on the favor of Deng Xiaoping in order to promote reforms.

Members of New Zealand's House of Representatives, commonly called " Parliament ", normally gain their parliamentary seats through nationwide general elections, or ( less frequently ) in by-elections.

The cover 1 defense is normally only used when offenses are just trying to gain a short amount of yards.

This combination gives the antenna gain of about 100, 000, 000 ( or 80 db, as normally measured ), making the transmitter appear about 100 million times stronger, and a receiver about 100 million times more sensitive, provided the target is within the beam.

Districts which can normally qualify two entries in each event, and gain 1200 or more members and degree the previous school year are eligible to send 3 entries to the National Tournament in each event.

The mark boundaries for these certificates change every year, but normally around 30 marks will gain a Distinction.

* In The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind, characters and the player can craft and consume Levitation potions to gain access to normally impossible areas.

While Fox uses the staff primarily for attacking enemies physically, he can later gain power-ups for the staff which allow it to fire projectiles, freeze enemies, or help him reach high up areas that are normally inaccessible.

Privilege escalation is the act of exploiting a bug, design flaw or configuration oversight in an operating system or software application to gain elevated access to resources that are normally protected from an application or user.

Horizontal privilege escalation occurs when an application allows the attacker to gain access to resources which normally would have been protected from an application or user.