The spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange.

There are other genetic mutations which are proven to be associated with albinism.

The tests currently available can detect mutations associated with rare genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Huntington's disease.

Advanced paternal age has been linked to a somewhat increased chance of bipolar disorder in offspring, consistent with a hypothesis of increased new genetic mutations.

CMT is a result of genetic mutations in a number of genes.

By comparing the parts of the genome that are not under natural selection and which therefore accumulate mutations at a fairly steady rate, it is possible to reconstruct a genetic tree incorporating the entire human species since the last shared ancestor.

* Natural selection has led to codon assignments of the genetic code that minimize the effects of mutations.

Some genetic disorders are passed down from the parents ' genes, but others are always or almost always caused by new mutations or changes to the DNA.

In other cases, the same disease, such as some forms of cancer, may be caused by an inherited genetic condition in some people, by new mutations in other people, and by nongenetic causes in still other people.

Other than myasthenia gravis, CMS is not caused by an autoimmune process, but due to synaptic malformation, which in turn is caused by genetic mutations.

Such defective sheaths often arise from genetic mutations affecting the biosynthesis and formation of myelin.

Therefore, the optimal mutation rate for a species is a trade-off between costs of a high mutation rate, such as deleterious mutations, and the metabolic costs of maintaining systems to reduce the mutation rate, such as DNA repair enzymes .< ref name = Sniegowski > Viruses that use RNA as their genetic material have rapid mutation rates, which can be an advantage since these viruses will evolve constantly and rapidly, and thus evade the defensive responses of e. g. the human immune system.

In nature, the mutations that arise may be beneficial or deleterious-it is the driving force of evolution, an organism may acquire new traits through genetic mutation, but mutation may also result in impaired function of the genes, and in severe cases, causing the death of the organism.

Nonlethal mutations accumulate within the gene pool and increase the amount of genetic variation.

The abundance of some genetic changes within the gene pool can be reduced by natural selection, while other " more favorable " mutations may accumulate and result in adaptive changes.

In genetics, a mutagen ( Latin, literally origin of change ) is a physical or chemical agent that changes the genetic material, usually DNA, of an organism and thus increases the frequency of mutations above the natural background level.

Natural populations of bacteria contain, among their vast numbers of individual members, considerable variation in their genetic material, primarily as the result of mutations.

At the same time, new mutations occur, contributing new genetic variation to the existing genetic variation.

; opal mutations or umber mutations: the third and last stop codon in the standard genetic code was discovered soon after, corresponding to the nucleotide triplet " UGA ".

The isolated populations then undergo genotypic and / or phenotypic divergence as: ( a ) they become subjected to dissimilar selective pressures ; ( b ) they independently undergo genetic drift ; ( c ) different mutations arise in the two populations.

A neoplasm can be caused by an abnormal proliferation of tissues, which can be caused by genetic mutations.

But DNCB must be used much more cautiously than salicylic acid ; the chemical is known to cause genetic mutations, so it must be administered by a physician.

During this time disjunction occurs, which is one of the processes leading to genetic diversity as each chromosome can end up in either of the daughter cells.

* Streptokinase produced by the bacterium Streptococcus and modified by genetic engineering is used as a clot buster for removing clots from the blood vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infarctions leading to heart attack.

The drug was discovered to be teratogenic, causing serious genetic damage to early embryonic growth and development, leading to limb deformation in babies.

Fragile X syndrome is the leading known genetic cause of autism, accounting for about 5 % of cases.

Israel has become a leading center for research on genetic disease.

As forests shrink, the populations become more fragmented, leading to less genetic diversity in the potential mating pool.

Large chromosomal rearrangements leading to chimeric chromosomes have been described, as well as more punctual genetic modifications such as gene loss.

During meiosis and gametogenesis, homologous chromosomes pair and exchange genetic material by recombination, leading to the production of sperm or eggs with chromosome haplotypes containing novel genetic variation.

After 1954 Gamow was involved in the RNA Tie Club, a discussion group of leading scientists concerned with the problem of the genetic code.

At least 60 % of the 4 million neonatal deaths that occur worldwide every year are associated with low birth weight ( LBW ), caused by intrauterine growth restriction ( IUGR ), preterm delivery, and genetic / chromosomal abnormalities, demonstrating that under-nutrition is already a leading health problem at birth.

People with genetic diseases such as muscle dystrophies whose bodies lose more and more functions over time, eventually leading to death, could benefit greatly from this procedure.

The population of Egyptian Vultures in the Canary Islands has been isolated from those in Europe and Africa for a significant period of time leading to genetic differentiation.

Evidence from one study supports 5 independent genetic mechanisms underlying the Ryff facets of this trait, leading to a genetic construct of eudaimonia in terms of general self-control, and four subsidiary biological mechanisms enabling the psychological capabilities of purpose, agency, growth, and positive social relations

Presumably, she was able to pass the precursor gene on via Leto's breeding program, leading eventually to Siona's complete invisibility to prescient vision and her ability to pass that genetic trait on to her offspring and spread it into the general population.

Cross-pollination may have resulted from such close proximity, with the genetic distance between the two parents imparting hybrid vigour leading to the viticultural selection of a diverse range of offspring from this cross ( which may, nevertheless, have also resulted from deliberate human intervention ).

Thus the renewed contact and resurrection of common roots and goals resulted in a positive contact and exchange, producing a world-wide net of genetic and academic exchange – leading to the innovations, produce and trade of agriculture, metals and alloys that led to advanced arts, tools, craft and technology.

The genetic equidistance phenomenon was first noted in 1963 by E. Margoliash, who wrote: " It appears that the number of residue differences between cytochrome C of any two species is mostly conditioned by the time elapsed since the lines of evolution leading to these two species originally diverged.

Although the origin of this mutation is unknown, it is presumed that the constant pairing of related birds and selective breeding led to recessive gene combinations leading to genetic conditions including albinism.

conducted at UC Davis by the team led by leading feline geneticist Dr Leslie Lyons found that the Burmese has the second lowest level of genetic diversity of all the breeds studied and concludes that this situation should be addressed.

Based on genetic comparisons, Père David's deer is closely related to the deer of the genus Cervus, leading many experts to suggesting merging Elaphurus into Cervus, or demoting Elaphurus to a subgenus of Cervus.

The remaining range is within one nationally protected area, but the rhinos are still at risk from poachers, disease and loss of genetic diversity leading to inbreeding depression.

Born Moira Kinross to Scottish parents, Moira MacTaggert was one of the world's leading authorities on genetic mutation, earning her a Nobel Prize for her work.