The only exception to this was the Ghaznavid dynasty of Afghanistan, which originated amongst the ghilman of the Samanid dynasty.

The earliest mamluks were known as ghilman ( another term for slaves, broadly synonymous ) and were bought by the early Abbasid caliphs.

The ghilman were slave-soldiers taken as prisoners of war from conquered regions, in anticipation of the Mamluk system, and made into caliphal guard.

The ghilman were introduced to the Abbasid Caliphate during the reign of al-Mu ' tasim ( r. 833 – 842 ), who showed them great favor and relied upon them for his personal guard.

The ghilman were slave-soldiers taken as prisoners of war from conquered regions or frontier zones, especially from among the Turkic people of Central Asia and the Caucasian peoples.

They were opposed by the native Arab population, and riots against the ghilman in Baghdad in 836 forced Mu ' tasim to relocate his capital to Samarra.

Since the break-up of the Abbasid Caliphate, the ghilman were grouped into whole armies.

In order to weaken the Turcomans-the important militant elite of the Safavid kingdom-Shah Abbas raised a standing army from the ranks of the ghilman who were usually ethnic Armenians and Georgians.

The ghilman rose rapidly in power and influence, and under the weak rulers that followed Mu ' tasim, they became king-makers: they revolted several times during the 860s and killed four caliphs.

In Arabic the word jawari is the plural of jariya meaning ( a female servant ) which by today's standard we would call concubine mistress or dame there was actually two kinds of female servants jariya one that manages the household and runs daily errands and the second type used to be called qina also qaenawas a jariya who had the ability to sing which put her above ( in market value ) than the usual jariya, often this kind of jawari was worth a lot of money, in consequence they have become a privilege for princes and wealthy merchants, and the word ghilman is the plural of ghoulam ( a young male servants ) also referred to as eunuch, castrato, ephebus, ephebe.

Conflict between these ghilman and the population of Baghdad prompted the caliph al-Mu ' tasim to move his capital to the city of Samarra, but this did not succeed in calming tensions ; the caliph al-Mutawakkil was assassinated by some of these slave-soldiers in 861 ( see Anarchy at Samarra ).

One of the happenings on this campaign was that one day in combat one of the Turkish military clients ghilman there advanced in between a Kharijite lancer and the future caliph.

A widespread purge of the army follows, which cements the leading role of the Turkish ghilman in the Abbasid military establishment.

The Safavid shah of Iran, Abbas I ( r. 1587 – 1629 ) implemented the policy, sidelining the Turkish ghilman elite and building up a more loyal ghulam force, mostly consisting of Georgians, Armenians, and Circassians.

The ghilman ( sing.

The ghilman, along with the shakiriya which had been introduced in the reign of al-Ma ' mun, had irritated the Arab regular soldiers of the Caliph's army.

The Turkic and Armenian ghilman agitated the citizens of Baghdad, provoking riots in 836.

According to the Qur ' an, the ghilman are creatures who work in alongside their female counterparts called the houris in Paradise, in the service of the righteous Muslims.

Some ghilman seem to have lived celibate lives.

The absence of family life and offspring was possibly one of the reasons why ghilman, even when attaining power, generally failed to start dynasties or proclaim their independence.

Aside from the Abbasids, Fātimids, and Seljuqs, the ghilman also served as slave-soldiers in the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia, working in service to kings and generals.

Some of these ghilman, such as Abbas's Georgian general Allahverdi Khan, rose to high ranks in the Safavid army and administration.

The ghilman are also credited with producing a strongly homosexual sub-culture which left literary traces in Persian poetry.

Each adult is held personally responsible for assuring his inscription and obtaining an identification card which must be shown on demand.

On 3 January 1925, Mussolini addressed the Fascist-dominated Italian parliament and declared that he was personally responsible for what happened, but he insisted that he had done nothing wrong.

As sheriff, Cleveland was responsible for either personally carrying out the execution or paying a deputy $ 10 to perform the task.

In 2009 a federal court of appeals in San Francisco found that Ashcroft could be sued and held personally responsible for the wrongful detention of material witness Abdullah al-Kidd – an American citizen arrested in March 2003 and held for 13 months in maximum security to be used as a witness in the trial of Sami Omar Al-Hussayen ( who himself was acquitted of all charges of supporting terrorism ).

The President is not deemed personally responsible for his actions in his official capacity, except where his actions are indicted before the International Criminal Court or where impeachment is moved against him.

Saladin captured Raynald de Châtillon and was personally responsible for his execution in retaliation for his attacks against Muslim caravans.

As a result, many auxiliary SS members, in particular those captured by Russian forces, faced swift and fierce retaliation and were often held personally responsible for the carnage of the camps to which some had only been assigned for a few weeks or even days.

Monet felt personally responsible for Nicole because she had tried, but failed, to prevent the pogrom.

He points out that the term originated in a meeting of four psychiatrists ( Cooper, Laing, Berke and Redler ) who never defined it yet " counter-label their discipline as anti-psychiatry ", and that he considers Laing most responsible for popularizing it despite also personally distancing himself.

As those on lower incomes cannot hire others to maintain public space such as security guards or grounds keepers, and because no individual feels personally responsible, there was a general deterioration of public space leading to a sense of alienation and social disorder.

How far he was personally responsible for the Anglican Settlement, the Poor Laws, and the foreign policy of the reign, remains to a large extent a matter of conjecture.

Wren was personally responsible for the rebuilding of 51 churches ; however, it is not necessarily true to say that each of them represented his own fully developed design.

Its captain, Nero, holds Spock personally responsible for a disaster involving Romulus more than a century later.

Jiang is held by Falun Gong to be personally responsible for this decision to suppress Falun Gong.

It was alleged by them that the Jordanian prime minister at the time, Wasfi al-Tal, was personally responsible for his torture and death.

According to the Chinese government, Hu was personally responsible for exonerating over three million people.

For instance, if a person's car is damaged, they will feel angry if someone else did it ( e. g. another driver rear-ended it ), but will feel sadness instead if it was caused by situational forces ( e. g. a hailstorm ) or guilt and shame if they were personally responsible ( e. g. he crashed into a wall out of momentary carelessness ).

As long as the monarch is following the advice of her ministers, she is not held personally responsible for the decisions of the government.

Ironically, Thrawn was also personally responsible for one of the greatest setbacks to the Imperial cause.

Originally, the Dauphin was personally responsible for the rule of the Dauphiné, which was legally part of the Holy Roman Empire, and which the Emperors, in gifting the rule of the province to the French heirs, had stipulated must never be united with France.

For example, the sponsoring organisation adopts a philosophy of self-regulation and offers the user connection to the local network and also connection to the Internet providing that the user accepts the fact she / he is going to be personally responsible for actions taken when connected to the network or Internet.

While he is theoretically responsible to Hacker personally, it is Sir Humphrey who writes his performance reviews and influences Bernard's Civil Service career.

Two houses, Norton Priory in Cheshire, and Hexham Abbey in Northumberland, attempted to resist the commissioners by force ; actions which Henry interpreted as treason, resulting in his writing personally to demand the summary brutal punishment of those responsible.

Feeling personally responsible as Hibbing's creator, he took deepest pride in its development and by his generous aid made its progress possible.

Georgiana was personally responsible for the building of the Classical Bridge in 1774, designed by the architect James Wyatt, and the planting of roses on the walls of the new wings and the sides of the buildings.