They are composed of many different materials ranging from carbon fibre composite ( graphite reinforced plastic ) to solid steel, which may be augmented by a variety of materials.

Construction of a high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell | PEMFC: Bipolar plate as electrode with in-milled gas channel structure, fabricated from conductive composite material | composite s ( enhanced with graphite, carbon black, carbon fiber, and / or carbon nanotube s for more conductivity ); Porous carbon papers ; reactive layer, usually on the polymer membrane applied ; polymer membrane. Condensation of water produced by a PEMFC on the air channel wall.

The bipolar plates may be made of different types of materials, such as, metal, coated metal, graphite, flexible graphite, C – C composite, carbon – polymer composites etc.

RCC is a laminated composite material made from graphite rayon cloth and impregnated with a phenolic resin.

Originally made of yew, green hart, and later split bamboo ( Tonkin cane ), most modern fly rods are constructed from man-made composite materials, including fibreglass, carbon / graphite, or graphite / boron composites.

After a rule change in the mid-1980s, they are now almost always made of composite materials or metals ( graphite, kevlar, titanium, boron ) with synthetic strings.

Modern racquets are composed of carbon fibre composite ( graphite reinforced plastic ), which may be augmented by a variety of materials.

After a rule change in the mid-1980s, they are now almost always made of composite materials or metals ( graphite, Kevlar, titanium, and / or boron ) with synthetic strings.

In the early 1980s, " graphite " ( carbon fibre ) composites were introduced, and other materials were added to the composite, including ceramics, glass-fibre, boron, and titanium.

Some of these innovations include the invention of monofilament nylon fishing lines, the fiberglass ( later graphite composite ) fishing rod, the electric trolling motor, the fish finder / depth locator, and new artificial lures and baits made of various plastics.

Carbon fiber is most notably used to reinforce composite materials, particularly the class of materials known as carbon fiber or graphite reinforced polymers.

In the late 1970s, Clarke was playing Rick Turner's first graphite neck on his Alembic " Black Beauty " bass, and he decided to have an all composite bass made.

They are typically built with traditional materials like balsa wood, plywood, paper, plastic, spruce, and polystyrene foam, but modern composite and graphite / epoxy are occasionally used in high-load applications.

During launch many gliders withstand 30G or more, far more than any manned aircraft is stressed to and launch speeds of sometimes over 140 km / h which energy is then converted in altitude ; this has only become possible since the advent of composite materials such as carbon ( graphite ), fiberglass, and Kevlar, which are used extensively in many of their structures.

The internal structure was largely constructed with graphite composite / aluminum honeycomb supports, a design found in many commercial airplanes.

* A chloride-or sulfate-based electrolyte bath using graphite or composite anodes, plus additives to prevent the oxidation of trivalent chromium to the anodes.

In 1979, after this assignment, he studied for a master of science degree in mechanical engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he specialized in graphite / epoxy advanced composite materials.

The main structure is of a graphite / epoxy composite material.

The oxidiser tank consists of a composite liner with graphite / epoxy over-wrap and titanium interface flanges.

The CTN uses a high-temperature composite insulator with a graphite / epoxy structure.

Most woods made today have a graphite shaft and a titanium, composite, or steel head.

The graphite provides thermal storage for the anode, and minimizes the rotating mass of the anode.

The higher density of the fuel along with additional lower density FLiBe fluoride coolant without fuel provides a flotation layer passive safety component in which lower density graphite that breaks off control rods or an immersion matrix during mechanical failure does not induce criticality.

DLC provides lubricity at ambient atmosphere and at vacuum, unlike graphite which requires moisture to be lubricious.

An outer covering of graphite provided protection against the structural, thermal, and eroding environments of a potential re-entry.

* Stick XG ( a variation on traditional Stick construction, made from structural graphite, continuous strand carbon fiber )

* Pile Grade A, a type of graphite used as a moderator and structural component in certain nuclear reactor cores.

Many structural candidates, including bct-carbon, were proposed to be equally compatible with experimental data available at the time, until in 2012 it was theoretically proven that this structure is kinetically likeliest to form from graphite.

This effect, also called structural lubricity, was suggested in 1991 and verified with great accuracy between two graphite surfaces in 2004.

Graphene is the basic structural element of some carbon allotropes including graphite, charcoal, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes.

Its piping, core vat and structural components were made from Hastelloy-N and its moderator was pyrolytic graphite.

These extreme temperatures can lead to minor fuel damage ( e. g. a few fuel particle failures ( 0. 1 to 0. 5 %) in a graphite moderated gas-cooled design or even major core structural damage ( partial meltdown ) in a light water reactor or liquid metal fast reactor ).

A large graphite or refractory metal cylinder, held above the pool by an insulated electrical connection, serves as the anode.

The graphite tubes are heated via their ohmic resistance using a low-voltage high-current power supply ; the temperature in the individual stages can be controlled very closely, and temperature ramps between the individual stages facilitate separation of sample components.

The interlayer distance in multi-walled nanotubes is close to the distance between graphene layers in graphite, approximately 3. 4 Å.

Within the sheet, the bonding is covalent and has hexagonal symmetry, but there are no covalent bonds between the sheets, making graphite easy to cleave into flakes.

Spinning rods are made from graphite or fiberglass with a cork or PVC foam handle, and tend to be between 5 and 8. 5 feet ( 1. 5-2. 6 m ) in length.

The tape was coated with a slippery backing material, usually graphite and patented by Bernard Cousino, to ease the continuous slip between the tape layers.

Nickel is one of the most common alloying elements because it refines the pearlite and graphite structure, improves toughness, and evens out hardness differences between section thicknesses.

The intermolecular forces between the sheets are relatively weak Van der Waals forces, giving graphite its soft and brittle characteristics.

Their proposed mechanism involved electronic excitation at the contacts between the graphite particles and the anthracene molecules.

The speakers use a thin flat diaphragm usually consisting of a plastic sheet coated with a conductive material such as graphite sandwiched between two electrically conductive grids, with a small air gap between the diaphragm and grids.

* Carbon monofluoride, a white insulating solid formed in a high temperature reaction between graphite, charcoal, or pyrolytic carbon powder.

The heart utilized ultra thin membranes stacked to form a diaphragmatic surface with a graphite lubricant intermittently placed between the membranes.

The Russian government granted concessions to foreign companies such as the Hudson's Bay Company and the US Northeast Siberia Company, which was granted gold, iron, and graphite mining rights in the entire Chukotka between 1902 and 1912.

The graphite feed material was placed in the center and the metal solvent ( nickel ) between the graphite and the seeds.

Although it might be thought that this industrially important property is due entirely to the loose interlamellar coupling between sheets in the structure, in fact in a vacuum environment ( such as in technologies for use in space ), graphite was found to be a very poor lubricant.

This is because the reactants are able to penetrate between the hexagonal layers of carbon atoms in graphite.

The Bosch reaction is a chemical reaction between carbon dioxide and hydrogen that produces elemental carbon ( graphite ), water and a 10 % return of invested heat.

The spheres can be subsequently modified by adding nitroglycerine to increase energy, flattening between rollers to a uniform minimum dimension, coating with phthalate deterrents to retard ignition, and / or glazing with graphite to improve flow characteristics during blending.

A common method used to produce fullerenes is to send a large current between two nearby graphite electrodes in an inert atmosphere.

In graphite, the c-axis ( out of plane ) thermal conductivity is over a factor of ~ 100 smaller due to the weak binding forces between basal planes as well as the larger lattice spacing.

Cores made out of PVC, graphite, fiberglass, carbon fiber, or aluminium are used, with standards varying between groups and countries.

Although the characterization of amorphous carbon materials by the sp < sup > 2 </ sup >- sp < sup > 3 </ sup > ratio may seem to indicate a one-dimensional range of properties between graphite and diamond, this is most definitely not the case.