A different mechanism of physical sputtering is heat spike sputtering.

The dense collisions induce a heat spike ( also called thermal spike ), which essentially melts the crystal locally.

* MD is the standard method to treat collision cascades in the heat spike regime, i. e. the effects that energetic neutron and ion irradiation have on solids an solid surfaces.

The differential heat treatment allows for the chopping portion and the spike to be harder than the middle section allowing for a shock resistant body with a durable temper.

Techniques to do this include the process of sputtering, in which an ion beam liberates atoms from a target, allowing them to move through the intervening space and deposit on the desired substrate, and Evaporation ( deposition ), in which a material is evaporated from a target using either heat ( thermal evaporation ) or an electron beam ( e-beam evaporation ) in a vacuum system.

The sputtering may be based on heat treatment, magnetic rotation or other processes, depending on manufacturer.

Also Secondary objectives included collecting data on micrometeoroid penetration and molecular sputtering and studying the earth-atmosphere heat balance.

The volume is a piece of passionate special pleading, written with the heat -- and often with the wisdom, it must be said -- of a Liberal damning the shortsightedness of politicians from 1782 to 1832.

More traditional adobe roofs were often flatter than the familiar steeped roof as the native climate yielded more sun and heat than mass amounts of snow or rain that would find use in precipitous roofs.

Making non-arable land arable often involves digging new irrigation canals and new wells, aqueducts, desalination plants, planting trees for shade in the desert, hydroponics, fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer, pesticides, reverse osmosis water processors, PET film insulation or other insulation against heat and cold, digging ditches and hills for protection against the wind, and greenhouses with internal light and heat for protection against the cold outside and to provide light in cloudy areas.

Although the terms adiabatic and isocaloric can often be interchanged, adiabatic processes may be considered a subset of isocaloric processes ; the remaining complement subset of isocaloric processes being processes where net heat transfer does not diverge regionally such as in an idealized case with mediums of infinite thermal conductivity or non-existent thermal capacity.

Annualized geo solar buildings often have buried, sloped water-tight skirts of insulation that extend from the foundations, to prevent heat leakage between the earth used as thermal mass, and the surface.

The heat for drying is often waste heat from the kiln.

* Classic warm sauces, such as Hollandaise and beurre blanc, requiring heat to emulsify the mixture but not enough to curdle or " split " the sauce, are often cooked using a bain-marie.

Cooking is the process of preparing food, often with the use of heat.

Fats can reach temperatures higher than the boiling point of water, and are often used to conduct high heat to other ingredients, such as in frying or sautéing.

In reality the housing was inferior with poor heat and plumbing, the medical care often lacking even in availability of antibiotics, schools were propaganda machines and travel was a necessity to provide the country with hard currency.

Rapid combustion is a form of combustion, otherwise known as a fire, in which large amounts of heat and light energy are released, which often results in a flame.

Another useful term is the heat of combustion, which is the energy released due to a combustion reaction and often applied in the study of fuels.

* In chemistry, it is often used to represent the addition of heat in a reaction.

Before the development of silicon power rectifier diodes, cuprous oxide and later selenium was used ; its low efficiency gave it a much higher forward voltage drop ( typically 1. 4 to 1. 7 V per " cell ", with multiple cells stacked to increase the peak inverse voltage rating in high voltage rectifiers ), and required a large heat sink ( often an extension of the diode ’ s metal substrate ), much larger than a silicon diode of the same current ratings would require.

However, the word " heat " is a highly technical term in physics and thermodynamics, and is often confused with thermal energy.

Electricity is most often generated at a power station by electromechanical generators, primarily driven by heat engines fueled by chemical combustion or nuclear fission but also by other means such as the kinetic energy of flowing water and wind.

Major clinical signs include weight loss ( often accompanied by an increased appetite ), anxiety, intolerance to heat, hair loss, muscle aches, weakness, fatigue, hyperactivity, irritability, hypoglycemia, apathy, polyuria, polydipsia, delirium, tremor, pretibial myxedema, and sweating.

In thermodynamics, heat engines are often modeled using a standard engineering model such as the Otto cycle.

MDF, often called " particle board ", is engineered wood fibre glued under heat and pressure to create a building material of superior strength which is resistant to warp.

Kilns are an essential part of the manufacture of all ceramics, which, by definition, require heat treatment, often at high temperatures.

Auxiliary heat is often provided early in the schedule where the heat required may exceed the heat generated by the DH unit.

Therefore, as clock rate increases, so does heat dissipation, causing the CPU to require more effective cooling solutions.

The high surface-to-volume ratio increases specific heat loss.

All compositions produce high ultimate strength, but as slag content is increased, early strength is reduced, while sulfate resistance increases and heat evolution diminishes.

Anchoring has been particularly identified as relevant in climate change controversies as individuals are found to be more positively inclined to believe in climate change if the outside temperature is higher, if they have been primed to think about heat, and if they are primed with higher temperatures when thinking about the future temperature increases from climate change.

This sets up conditions for the same type of positive feedback — heat from current flow causes temperature to rise, which increases charge carriers, lowering resistance, and causing more current to flow.

Perhaps the most familiar manifestation of entropy is that, following the laws of thermodynamics, entropy of a closed system always increases and in heat transfer situations, heat energy is transferred from higher temperature components to lower temperature components.

If water is evaporated too quickly, the membrane dries, resistance across it increases, and eventually it will crack, creating a gas " short circuit " where hydrogen and oxygen combine directly, generating heat that will damage the fuel cell.

Mu-metal objects require heat treatment after they are in final form — annealing in a magnetic field in hydrogen atmosphere, which reportedly increases the magnetic permeability about 40 times.

Generally, as a real gas increases in density-which may indicate an increase in pressure-its ability to conduct heat increases.

" Today I made an experiment in hermetic glass vessels in order to determine whether the mass of metals increases from the action of pure heat.

The specific heat of the alpha form increases dramatically as it is heated to this transition temperature but then falls and remains fairly constant for the β form regardless of temperature.

The slow, repetitive work involved in the process of learning how that leverage is generated gently and measurably increases, opens the internal circulation ( breath, body heat, blood, lymph, peristalsis, etc.

Increases in heat within urban centers increases the length of growing seasons, and decreases the occurrence of weak tornadoes.

Research has found that the mortality rate during a heat wave increases exponentially with the maximum temperature, an effect that is exacerbated by the UHI.

Toughened glass is a common option as it is feasible however there is also low iron glass better known as opti-white glass which increases light and solar heat transmission.

In some cases, digital circuits use more energy than analog circuits to accomplish the same tasks, thus producing more heat which increases the complexity of the circuits such as the inclusion of heat sinks.

It increases the sensitivity of the heat capacity measurement, allowing for scans at a slow underlying heating rate.

This increases the heat capacity of the refrigerant, thus decreasing its temperature below the temperature of the heat sink.

When the set point is raised, the body increases its temperature through both active generation of heat and retaining heat.