While calling the social structure as a racial caste or caste-like system, these scholars noted that African Americans were segregated, shunned through refused entry into restaurants and hotels, isolated, excluded, and fixed in a hereditary system with the anti-miscegenation laws declaring interracial sex or marriage a criminal offense.

Caste system develops, in view of Ross, when the worth difference within a society sharpens to such a point that the social superior shuns fellowship and intermarriage with the inferior, thus creating a society made up of closed hereditary classes.

Edward Freeman called such peerage system as a privileged hereditary caste.

This system was so fixed, the mores so strong, the affiliation and culture so widely ingrained that while nobles were insisting that certain exclusive privileges be theirs, theirs alone and of their offsprings, shepherds in the countryside were insisting, occasionally with violent demonstrations, that their jobs be strictly hereditary.

Charcot – Marie – Tooth disease ( CMT ), also known as Charcot – Marie – Tooth neuropathy, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy ( HMSN ) and peroneal muscular atrophy ( PMA ) — is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system characterised by progressive loss of muscle tissue and touch sensation across various parts of the body.

Millennia ago, the Japanese imperial family developed its own peculiar system of hereditary succession.

Mounted soldiers began to secure a system of hereditary rule over their allocated land and their power over the territory came to encompass the social, political, judicial, and economic spheres.

The knights in the Bayeux Tapestry carry shields, but there appears to have been no system of hereditary coats of arms.

A Danish town in England often had, as it principal officers, twelve hereditary ‘ law men .’ The Danes introduced the habit of making committees among the free men in court, which perhaps made England favorable ground for the future growth of the jury system out of a Frankish custom later introduced by the Normans .”

France, Italy, and Poland also had the hereditary knighthood that existed within the nobility system.

There are traces of the Continental system of hereditary knighthood in Ireland.

Baronets are not peers of the realm, and did not sit in the House of Lords when it was a hereditary house, therefore like knights they remain commoners in the view of the British nobility system.

This system, however, tempted military officers to pass their positions to their sons, thus transforming the office from one based on achievement and loyalty to the mai into one based on hereditary nobility.

In current usage, the word monarchy generally refers to a traditional system of hereditary rule, as elective monarchies are rare in the modern period ( though they do still exist in Vatican City, Andorra and Malaysia ).

In hereditary monarchies, the office is passed through inheritance within a family group, whereas elective monarchies are selected by some system of voting.

The system gradually changed into a male only hereditary Daoshi priesthood until more recent times ( p. 550, 551 ).

The socio-military origins of the Banner system meant that population within each branch and their sub-divisions were hereditary and rigid.

Meroe's succession system was not necessarily hereditary ; the matriarchal royal family member deemed most worthy often became king.

Powell claimed the Lords derived their authority not from a strict hereditary system but from its prescriptive nature: " It has long been so, and it works ".

Leadership was based on a system of chieftainship, which was often but not always hereditary, although chiefs ( male or female ) needed to demonstrate leadership abilities to avoid being superseded by more dynamic individuals.

The king and the royal family were atop the hereditary system, with the next tier being a class of civil or military officials and land owners known as yangban, who worked for the government and lived off the efforts of tenant farmers and slaves.

The knights carry shields, but show no system of hereditary coats of arms — the beginnings of modern heraldic structure were in place, but would not become standard until the middle of the 12th century.

The Indian caste system describes the social stratification and social restrictions in the Indian subcontinent, in which social classes are defined by thousands of endogamous hereditary groups, often termed as jātis or castes.

Later the class system took on hereditary aspects.

However, historian J. C. Holt states that " In Normandy the word alodium, whatever its sense in other parts of the Continent, meant not land held free of seigneurial services, but land held by hereditary right ," and that " alodium and feodum should be given the same meaning in England.

Contrary to the thinking of 30 to 40 years ago, when all malocclusion was blamed on some unfortunate habit, recent studies show that most tooth irregularity has at least its beginning in hereditary predisposition.

The current Lord Luke is one of the 92 hereditary peers elected to remain in the House of Lords of the United Kingdom after its 1999 reform.

In 1935 Nazi Germany expanded the legality of abortion by amending its eugenics law, to promote abortion for women with hereditary disorders.

The Hershey – Chase experiment, its predecessors, such as the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment, and successors served to unequivocally establish that hereditary information was carried by DNA.

In the 10th and 11th centuries, princes often acted merely to confirm hereditary succession in the Saxon ( Ottonian ) and Franconian ( Salian ) dynasties, whereas beginning from the actual forming of the prince-elector class, elections became less secure ( with the election of 1125 ), though the Staufen dynasty managed to get its sons formally elected in their fathers ' lifetimes almost as a formality.

Modern liberalism has its roots in the Age of Enlightenment and rejects many foundational assumptions that dominated most earlier theories of government, such as the Divine Right of Kings, hereditary status, and established religion.

They feared the King would use Orders to gain support for absolutist goals and to make formal distinctions among the peerage which could lead to its legal breakup into two separate classes, and that the King would later play one against the other and eventually limit the legal privileges of hereditary nobility.

There were no particular honorifics that would accompany a knight's name as historically all ( or at least by far most ) its members would be royals or hereditary lords anyway.

Suzerainty of Serbia as a hereditary monarchy under its own dynasty was acknowledged de jure in 1830.

The Pope at the time ruled only Rome ( when not rebellious ) and its environs: Braccio held Umbria, Bologna was an independent commune, while much of Romagna and the Marche was held by local " vicars ", which were in fact petty hereditary lords.

The Chamber of Envoys, despite its name, consisted not only of 77 envoys ( sent by local assemblies ) from the hereditary nobility, but also of 51 deputies, elected by the non-noble population.

Adherents also emphasise ancestor worship and hold that the spirits of the dead live side by side with the world of the living, each family of spirits having its own female priesthood, sometimes hereditary when is from mother to blood daughter.

Crossman, opening the debate on 19 November, said the government would reform the Lords in five ways: removing the voting rights of hereditary peers ; making sure no party had a permanent majority ; ensuring the government of the day usually passed its laws ; weakening the Lords ' powers to delay laws ; and abolishing the power to refuse subordinate legislation if it had been voted for by the Commons.

Bolesław I claimed an hereditary right to Meissen as a relative of its former ruler Margrave Rikdag ( only through marriage ; he was the former husband of his daughter ).

Ugyen Wangchuck was elected its first hereditary Druk Gyalpo ( Dragon King, reigned 1907 – 26 ).

After the cognomen became hereditary and lost its function as a nickname, a second nickname, or agnomen, was appended to the name after birth — usually not immediately — to signify some personal characteristic or accomplishment.

Here, a number of its constituent sovereign nations have legalized traditional authority as manifested in the recognized hereditary transmission of chieftaincy in historically relevant regions of the continent ( e. g. the Asantehene of Ghana ).

The Vedic priesthood of India is an early instance of a structured body of clergy organized as a separate and hereditary caste, one that occupied the highest social rung of its nation.

In 1525, the Order was ousted from East Prussian territory by its own Hochmeister when Albert, Duke of Prussia adopted Lutheranism and assumed the title of duke as hereditary ruler under the overlordship of Poland in the Prussian Homage.

As an hereditary kingdom, Norway's status as separate from Denmark remained important to the royal dynasty in its struggles to win elections as kings of Denmark.

" Though the first French and British colonizers of Canada interpreted the hereditary nature of some indigenous North American chieftainships as a form of monarchy, it is generally accepted that Canada has been a territory of a monarch or a monarchy in its own right only since the establishment of New France in the early 17th century ; according to historian Jacques Monet, the Canadian Crown is one of the few that have survived through uninterrupted succession since before its inception.

The claim to an existing hereditary peerage is regulated by the House of Lords through its Committee for Privileges and Conduct.