In some monastic families there is a hierarchy of precedence or authority among abbots.

While not considered orthodox Christian, the Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica uses roles and titles derived from Christianity for its clerical hierarchy, including bishops who have much the same authority and responsibilities as in Roman Catholicism.

These rights lay outside feudalism, which defined authority in a hierarchy of personal relations, with only a loose relation to territory.

A straightforward reading of,, and suggests that Jesus even forbids any hierarchy of relationships in Christian relationships: " You know that the rulers of the Gentiles lord it over them, and their high officials exercise authority over them.

Old ideas about tradition and hierarchy – of monarchy, aristocracy, and religious authority – were abruptly overthrown by new Enlightenment principles of equality, citizenship and inalienable rights.

For the Red Guards, the military hierarchy and implementation of orders functioned effectively only at company and platoon level ; even there, leadership and authority were weak, as most company and platoon commanders were chosen by the vote of the troopers.

Central to the Pure Theory of Law is the notion of a ' basic norm ( Grundnorm )'— a hypothetical norm, presupposed by the jurist, from which in a hierarchy all ' lower ' norms in a legal system, beginning with constitutional law, are understood to derive their authority or ' bindingness '.

These managers are classified in a hierarchy of authority, and perform different tasks.

The nomenklatura referred to the Communist Party's authority to make appointments to key positions throughout the governmental system, as well as throughout the party's own hierarchy.

The hierarchy was alleged to be motivated by fear of the emergence of the ' popular church ' which challenged their centralized authority.

Confucianism showed a strong adherence toward existing hierarchy and respect for the authorities: aged, ancestor and political authority considered authentic by blood.

Such misdeeds can include simony, where one attempts to purchase or sell sacraments, including Holy Orders and, therefore, positions of authority in the Church hierarchy.

This approach is disseminated under their authority to lower levels in the hierarchy, who are, to a greater or lesser extent, bound by them.

* a hierarchy, based on authority: two players in an unequal-power relationship ; and

In modern Shi ` ah Islam, scholars play a more prominent role in the daily lives of Muslims than in Sunni Islam ; and there is a hierarchy of higher titles of scholastic authority, such as Ayatollah.

Archaeologists are not yet sure of why, but they are leaning torwards the fact that artists status was low in the hierarchy so they could never be in front of a higher authority figure, and never be faced towards them.

Lords who exercised lawful authority over territories and people within a feudal hierarchy were also sometimes regarded as princes in the general sense, especially if they held the rank of count or higher.

On the same day, Nixon appointed a new Attorney General, Elliot Richardson, and gave him authority to designate a special counsel for the Watergate investigation who would be independent of the regular Justice Department hierarchy.

Two short-lived settlements, Mission Puerto de Purísima Concepción and Mission San Pedro y San Pablo de Bicuñer, though located on the California side of the Colorado River, were founded under the authority of the Arizona mission hierarchy and are therefore not included herein.

* Dean ( Christianity ), persons in certain positions of authority within a religious hierarchy

Rulers and ruled alike believe in the principle of authority, of hierarchy, of power.

* displacing responsibility for the killing onto an authority figure, i. e., the commanding officer and the military hierarchy ( See the Milgram experiment )

When an ecumenical council or a high-ranking bishop, such as a patriarch or other primate, releases an ecclesiastical province from the authority of that bishop while the newly independent church remains in full communion with the hierarchy to which it then ceases to belong, the council or primate is granting autocephaly.

It follows that whoever wields personal influence and power can legitimize this only by gaining a formal position in the hierarchy, with commensurate authority.

In the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches ( published in 1990 ), the terms autonomous Church and rite are thus defined: " A group of Christian faithful linked in accordance with the law by a hierarchy and expressly or tacitly recognized by the supreme authority of the Church as autonomous is in this Code called an autonomous Church " ( canon 27 ); " 1.

At lower levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, such as physiological needs, money is a motivator, however it tends to have a motivating effect on staff that lasts only for a short period ( in accordance with Herzberg's two-factor model of motivation ).

Through this structure RTC assures that practice of the Scientology religion within the ecclesiastical hierarchy under CSI's authority as Mother Church remains strictly orthodox, in accordance with the Scientology Scriptures.

He set a distinct hierarchy, defining the " musician " or composer as the artist making judgements in accordance with his learned knowledge, while describing the singer as the instrument on which the musician performs, and likening their relationship to that of the judge and the crier.

The hierarchy of courts begins from the Magistrates ' Court, Sessions Court, High Court, Court of Appeal, and finally, the Federal Court.

The court is a superior court of limited jurisdiction, but below the High Court of Australia in the hierarchy of federal courts, and was created by the Federal Court of Australia Act in 1976.

But he considers that the nature of the courts, which occupy a vertical hierarchy that requires consideration of prior decisions by Federal or state courts, exempts this from applying in this case.

The final 17 reflect the bitter disappointment of liberals when the restored Bourbon monarchy, encouraged by the Catholic hierarchy, rejected the Spanish Constitution of 1812 and opposed both state and religious reform.

In his great Dictionary ( 1755 ) Johnson defined a Tory as " one who adheres to the ancient Constitution of the state and the apostolical hierarchy of the Church of England, opposed to a Whig.

The 1866 Constitution of Romania declared the Orthodox Church to be " independent of any foreign hierarchy ", but it was a law passed in 1872 that declared the church to be " autocephalous ".

On 11 April 1946, Pope Pius XII established the episcopal hierarchy in China, raising all the apostolic vicariates to dioceses, Hong Kong among them, through an Apostolic Constitution in Latin sent to each Vicar Apostolic together with a letter from the Apostolic Internuncio, Anthony Riberi, in the summer of 1946.

Minsk has a digital metropolitan network ; waiting lists for telephones are long ; fixed line penetration is improving although rural areas continue to be undeserved ; intercity-Belarus has developed fibre-optic backbone system presently serving at least 13 major cities ( 1998 ); Belarus's fibre optics form synchronous digital hierarchy rings through other countries ' systems ; an inadequate analogue system remains operational.

While modern law has officially abolished the class hierarchy, there are reports of discrimination against the Buraku or Burakumin underclasses.

A storage array, a common external storage unit, typically has storage hierarchy of it own, from a fast cache, typically consisting of ( volatile and fast ) DRAM, which is connected ( again via standard interfaces ) to drives, possibly with different speeds, like flash drives and magnetic disk drives ( non-volatile ).

A storage array, a common external storage unit, typically has storage hierarchy of it own, from a fast cache, typically consisting of ( volatile and fast ) DRAM, which is connected ( again via standard interfaces ) to drives, possibly with different speeds, like flash drives and magnetic disk drives ( non-volatile ).

When in doubt ( i. e. if a different name has not been clearly set in the literature ), the hierarchy expressed by the nomenclature should correspond to dynamically distinct ( sub -) systems in order of their dynamical relevance.

Although it never uses the term, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( The Mormon Church ) is episcopal, rather than presbyterian or congregational, in the sense that it has a strict hierarchy of leadership from the local bishop up to a single prophet / president, believed to be personally authorized and guided by Jesus Christ.

Traditionally, a hierarchy of networks has been built to allow point positioning within a country.

Heterarchy is the most commonly proposed alternative to hierarchy and this has been combined with responsible autonomy by Gerard Fairtlough in his work on Triarchy theory.

In general, the vertical hierarchy structure, a relic of Soviet times, has led to poor coordination and duplication of effort among environmental protection agencies.

A subject who has neither ability nor expertise to make decisions, especially in a crisis, will leave decision making to the group and its hierarchy.

* hierarchy has discussion of all kinds of topics, and many hierarchies for discussion specific to a particular geographical area or in a language other than English.

For example, the comp. os. ms-windows Usenet hierarchy has a group reserved solely for advocacy — the Guide to the Windows newsgroups exhorts Usenet posters not to " get involved in arguments about Windows vs. OS / 2 vs. Macintosh vs. NeXTSTEP except in the comp. os. ms-windows. advocacy group.

Poker has many variations, all following a similar pattern of play and generally using the same hand ranking hierarchy.

He has no statutory duties as Prime Minister, his name occurs in no Acts of Parliament, and though holding the most important place in the constitutional hierarchy, he has no place which is recognised by the laws of his country.

This theory proposed that there are certain theoretical and conceptual opposites, often arranged in a hierarchy, which human logic has given to text.

As a result of these two critical decisions, Professor Linda Cooke Johnson has concluded that by 1735 Shanghai had become the major trade port for all of the lower Yangtze River region, despite still being at the lowest administrative level in the political hierarchy.

The roles associated with the management a museum largely depends on the size of the institution, but every museum has a hierarchy of governance with a Board of Trustees serving at the top.

Also, Richard Edwards showed in 1979 that although hierarchy in organisations has remained constant, additional forms of control ( such as technical control via email monitoring, call monitoring ; bureaucratic control via procedures for leave, sickness etc.

For example, a switched analog connection in the telephone network has energy below 300 Hz and above 3400 Hz removed by bandpass filtering ; since the signal has no energy very close to zero frequency, it may not be considered a baseband signal, but in the telephone systems frequency-division multiplexing hierarchy, it is usually treated as a baseband signal, by comparison with the modulated signals used for long-distance transmission.

The type of network topology in which a central ' root ' node ( the top level of the hierarchy ) is connected to one or more other nodes that are one level lower in the hierarchy ( i. e., the second level ) with a point-to-point link between each of the second level nodes and the top level central ' root ' node, while each of the second level nodes that are connected to the top level central ' root ' node will also have one or more other nodes that are one level lower in the hierarchy ( i. e., the third level ) connected to it, also with a point-to-point link, the top level central ' root ' node being the only node that has no other node above it in the hierarchy ( The hierarchy of the tree is symmetrical.