The three-spine stickleback provides an example of how molecular biogeographic studies that rely solely on mtDNA can be misleading, and that consideration of the genealogical history of alleles from multiple unlinked markers ( i. e. nuclear genes ) is necessary to infer speciation histories.

The history of the mole is intertwined with that of molecular mass, atomic mass unit, Avogadro's number and related concepts.

T < sub > m </ sub > depends on the molecular weight of the polymer and thermal history, so lower grades may have lower melting points than expected.

The investigation of chaperones has a long history .< ref > The term ` molecular chaperone ` appeared first in the literature in 1978, and was invented by Ron Laskey to describe the ability of a nuclear protein called nucleoplasmin to prevent the aggregation of folded histone proteins with DNA during the assembly of nucleosomes.

After the 1970s, nucleic acid sequencing allowed molecular evolution to reach beyond proteins to highly conserved ribosomal RNA sequences, the foundation of a reconceptualization of the early history of life.

Despite modifications, the development of the concept is considered a landmark event in the history of molecular biology.

Researchers have started to use molecular phylogenetics to trace the history of faunal exchange and diversification, through the genetic history of parasites and pathogens of North American ungulates.

The molecular clock ( based on the molecular clock hypothesis ( MCH )) is a technique in molecular evolution that uses fossil constraints and rates of molecular change to deduce the time in geologic history when two species or other taxa diverged.

The evolutionary history and relations among different poison frog species is reconstructed using phylogenetic trees derived from molecular data.

The molecular trees are mapped in relation to paleogeographic history of the region for a complete phylogeographic study.

The laboratory's research also furthers the discipline of molecular systematics, the study of DNA as evidence that can reveal the evolutionary history and relationships of plant species.

Evidence suggested that the mernine was the only living member of the Sthenurine subfamily, and a recent osteology-based phylogeny of Macropodids found that the banded hare-wallaby was indeed a bastion of an ancient lineage, agreeing with other ( molecular ) appraisals of the evolutionary history of L. fasciatus.

Many different models have been proposed throughout the history of quantum mechanics, but the most prominent system of nomenclature spawned from the Hund-Mulliken molecular orbital theory of Friedrich Hund, Robert S. Mulliken, and contributions from Schrödinger, Slater and John Lennard-Jones.

Widely-praised history of molecular biology recounted through the lives and work of the major figures, including Monod.

Established targets also include those that the pharmaceutical industry has had experience mounting drug discovery campaigns against in the past ; such a history provides information on the chemical feasibility of developing a small molecular therapeutic against the target and can provide licensing opportunities and freedom-to-operate indicators with respect to small-molecule therapeutic candidates.

In recent decades, however, advances in molecular biology and computational technologies have opened new possibilities for studying the diversity and history of life through the use of cladistics and computational phylogenetics.

This scenario by and large parallels the proposed evolutionary history of the Saker Falcon in relation to the other hierofalcons ; indeed, that group shows similar patterns of molecular paraphyly though it is of somewhat earlier origin.

* ( 2006 ): A molecular phylogenetic perspective on the evolutionary history of Alosa spp.

It analyzes language in context of anthropology, biology, evolution, geography, history, neurology, psychology, and sociology.

An eminent member of this school, Georges Duby, wrote in the foreword of his book Le dimanche de Bouvines that the history he taught relegated the sensational to the sidelines and was reluctant to give a simple accounting of events, but strived on the contrary to pose and solve problems and, neglecting surface disturbances, to observe the long and medium-term evolution of economy, society and civilisation.

Natural history is the study and description of organisms and natural objects, especially their origins, evolution, and interrelationships.

It is believed that early in the Earth's history, the evolution of photosynthetic plants altered the global atmosphere of the earth, changing the ancient atmosphere by oxidation.

Much as 19th century science is often treated as the inventor of conceptions of evolution and race which had serious negative political and social consequences, many 19th century historians pursued what they intended as reasonably objective research projects in the history of their own and other regions either to end by themselves using the results to support nationalistic goals or to see their work used that way by others.

Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man brought together Lyell's views on three key themes from the geology of the Quaternary Period of Earth history: glaciers, evolution, and the age of the human race.

His poems included much natural history, including a statement of evolution and the relatedness of all forms of life.

For example, the dynamic history of the planetary atmosphere's CO < sub > 2 </ sub > and O < sub > 2 </ sub > composition has been affected by the biogenic flux of gases coming from respiration and photosynthesis, with levels fluctuating over time in relation to the ecology and evolution of plants and animals.

Darwin's book did not address the question of human evolution, saying only that " Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history ".

* ( Note: this book contains very useful, information dense chapters on primate evolution in general, and human evolution in particular, including fossil history ).

* ( Note: this book contains very accessible descriptions of human and non-human primates, their evolution, and fossil history ).

The formula has had much evolution and change through the history of the sport.

The fossil record was one of the early sources of data relevant to the study of evolution and continues to be relevant to the history of life on Earth.

The study of galactic formation and evolution attempts to answer questions regarding how galaxies formed and their evolutionary path over the history of the universe.

Karl Popper used the term historicism in his influential books The Poverty of Historicism and The Open Society and Its Enemies, to mean: " an approach to the social sciences which assumes that historical prediction is their primary aim, and which assumes that this aim is attainable by discovering the ' rhythms ' or the ' patterns ', the ' laws ' or the ' trends ' that underlie the evolution of history ".

The objection he makes is that historicist positions, by claiming that there is an inevitable and deterministic pattern to history, abrogate the democratic responsibility of each one of us to make our own free contributions to the evolution of society, and hence lead to totalitarianism.

( 2007 ) Human locomotion on ice: the evolution of ice skating energetics through history

Graves argues that not only is r / K selection theory considered to be virtually useless when applied to human life history evolution, but Rushton does not apply the theory correctly, and displays a lack of understanding of evolutionary theory in general.

The things we hold highest in our human experience ( love, memory, dreams, and a predisposition for religious thought ) result from a particular agglomeration of ad hoc solutions that have been piled on through millions of years of evolution history.

Languages evolve and diversify over time, and the history of their evolution can be reconstructed by comparing modern languages to determine which traits their ancestral languages must have had for the later stages to have occurred.

When linguists study the lexicon, they consider such things as what constitutes a word ; the word-concept relationship ; lexical access and lexical access failure ; how a word's phonology, syntax, and meaning intersect ; the morphology-word relationship ; vocabulary structure within a given language ; language use ( that is, pragmatics ); language acquisition ; the history and evolution of words ( i. e. etymology ); and the relationships between words, often studied within philosophy of language.

Economic history examines the evolution of the economy and economic institutions, using methods and techniques from the fields of economics, history, geography, sociology, psychology, and political science.

The death of God, in particular the statement that " we killed him ", is similar to the self-dissolution of Christian doctrine: due to the advances of the sciences, which for Nietzsche show that man is the product of evolution, that earth has no special place among the stars and that history is not progressive, the Christian notion of God can no longer serve as a basis for a morality.