Spurling claimed that to get revenge, Marmaduke Wetherell committed the hoax, with the help of Chris Spurling ( a sculpture specialist ), his son Ian Marmaduke, who bought the material for the fake, and Maurice Chambers ( an insurance agent ), who asked surgeon Robert Kenneth Wilson to offer the pictures to the Daily Mail.

As for the closely related terms practical joke and prank, Brunvand states that although there are instances where they overlap, hoax tends to indicate " relatively complex and large-scale fabrications " and includes deceptions that go beyond the merely playful and " cause material loss or harm to the victim ".

In response, Pooh, Rabbit, Gopher, and Owl ( unaware that the Masked Offender was actually Tigger ) staged a hoax in which they made an inanimate monster from a sticky glue-like material.

Lampert has stated that " the greatest hoax played upon the world is the importance of the male stroking during intercourse ... used in nearly all male / female porno material " citing studies which show that only about a third of all women say thrusting feels good, to a degree, and that only 18 % say they believe they can have an orgasm from any form of stroking.

All of the panellists duly played their card at some point, but the task itself turned out to be the hoax as all material was factual.

The concept, and some of the sampled material, came from a San Francisco television news program that was taken in by a media hoax perpetrated by Negativland while promoting its previous album, Escape from Noise.

Unfortunately, this material is likely to have been a forgery or hoax of unknown date.

Elliott mistakenly thought that the Boilerplate site concerned a hoax which dated back to the 19th century and included material from the website in his book, not realising it wasn't in the public domain.

The Kinderhook plates, " discovered " in 1843, were another hoax, consisting of material planted by a contemporary in Native American mounds.

While there has been speculation of a hoax outside the field, the " Arkansaurus " material is known to be legitimate dinosaur fossils to researchers.

Another criticism is that universities tend more to pseudo-intellectualism than intellectualism per se ; for example, to protect their positions and prestige, academicians may over-complicate problems and express them in obscure language ( e. g., the Sokal affair, a hoax by physicist Alan Sokal attempting to show that American humanities professors invoke complicated, pseudoscientific jargon to support their political positions.

* 1934 – The " Surgeon's Photograph ", the most famous photo allegedly showing the Loch Ness Monster, is published in the Daily Mail ( in 1999, it is revealed to be a hoax ).

* 1912 – The Piltdown Man, later discovered to be a hoax, is announced by Charles Dawson.

Wonders of the Maharal " is generally recognized in academic circles to be a literary hoax ".

Another film in the book, the now-lost porn film Him, has also been cited as the hoax, though it is known to have existed.

The hoax story is disputed by Henry Bauer, who claims this debunking is evidence of bias, and asks why the perpetrators did not reveal their plot earlier to embarrass the newspaper.

He claims that he studied the photograph so often and from many different angles that he was able to discern objects that prove the photograph is not a hoax.

Alastair Boyd, one of the researchers who uncovered the hoax, argues that the Loch Ness Monster is real, and that although the famous photo was hoaxed, that does not mean that all the photos, eyewitness reports, and footage of the monster were as well.

In what is known as the Taxil hoax, he claimed that supposedly leading Freemason Albert Pike had addressed " The 23 Supreme Confederated Councils of the world " ( an invention of Taxil ), instructing them that Lucifer was God, and was in opposition to the evil god Adonai.

* 1953 – The British Natural History Museum announces that the " Piltdown Man " skull, initially believed to be one of the most important fossilized hominid skulls ever found, is a hoax.

:" My Administration's position is very clear: if the Task Force and the Bush Administration stand by their 2005 conclusions, then for over 50 years the U. S Government has perpetuated a ' monumental hoax ' on the people of Puerto Rico, on the people of the United States and on the international community.

Abbott declined, and Krantz argued this call the same day of the encounter is evidence against a hoax, at least on Patterson's part.

Whilst the perpetrator of this hoax is unknown, it is thought he sought to influence the 19th century debate on spontaneous generation — rather than panspermia — by demonstrating the transformation of inorganic to biological matter.

In Jacques Derrida's response, " Sokal and Bricmont Aren't Serious ," first published in Le Monde, Derrida writes that the Sokal hoax is rather " sad ," not only because Alan Sokal's name is now linked primarily to a hoax, not to science, but also because the chance to reflect seriously on these issues has been ruined for a broad public forum that deserves better.

Then, of course, her belief that her husband is having an affair wouldn't be based on that evidence, because she did not know it was there at all ; or, if she thought that the evidence were a hoax, then surely her belief couldn't be based on that evidence.

Since New York based Thomas would have known about the wide spread hoax and the contents of the 1876 published book were developed during or right after The Great Tom Collins hoax of 1874, the hoax event is the most plausible source of the name for the Tom Collins cocktail.

Marshall and his wife exited the building, and made a call to the White House to determine his next course of action, only to find that he had been the victim of a hoax, and that Wilson was still living.

Given inconsistencies and the lack of reliable data and completely contradicting and unpredictable behavior, the true nature of ball lightning is still unknown and was often regarded as a fantasy or a hoax.

Controversy still swirls over whether the book was a satiric hoax about think-tank logic and writing style or the product of a secret government panel.

The perpetrator of the hoax is still unknown.

Inhofe often repeats his claim that human influenced climate change is a hoax and impossible because “ God ’ s still up there .” and that it is “ outrageous ” and arrogant for people to believe human beings are “ able to change what He is doing in the climate .”

Reactions were varied ; some thought it was simply a lie, others that Randi was pulling off a hoax, and still others concluded the entire experiment was dreamed up as a conspiracy by Randi and Phillips to discredit the field.

This error was interpreted by some as an intentional clue that the trial was a hoax, Michael Jackson was still alive, and had faked his own death.

Although incorrect security markings immediately indicated a hoax, there were several features of the code which suggested it might be leaked source code for the Skipjack encryption algorithm, which was still classified at the time.

Many UFO researchers have dismissed this incident as an outright hoax, most likely perpetrated by Crisman, but others still believe the incident to be a genuine paranormal event.

The historian Andrew Markus wrote that " In the 1990s league publications were still promoting The Protocols, describing the Holocaust as a ' hoax ', the invention of Zionist propagandists, identifying prominent Jewish individuals in public life and declaring that modern Christianity was ' little more than a form of Liberal Judaism '.

She left Sarah in the car while she went into the church ( still trying to keep up her depression hoax ) The car was stolen with Sarah inside, and Lizzie was blamed.

The collection included prints of the photographs, two of the cameras used by the girls, watercolours of fairies painted by Elsie, and a nine-page letter from Elsie admitting to the hoax.

Though the book and subsequent films helped popularize the diagnosis, later analysis of the case suggested different interpretations, ranging from Mason ’ s problems being iatrogenically induced through therapeutic methods used by her psychiatrist, Cornelia B. Wilbur or an inadvertent hoax due in part to the lucrative publishing rights, though this conclusion has itself been challenged.

A notable instance is provided by the comedian and hoaxer Rodney Marks, who in public performances as a corporate comedian has used over one hundred different aliases indicative of the hoax features.

Ironically the New York Times was tricked into printing a fake list of slang terms that were supposedly used in the grunge scene ; often referred to as the grunge speak hoax.

Alternatively, hoax could have been derived from the Irish Gaelic olcas, pronounced olkəs and h-olkəs, an adjective used to describe behaviour similar to mischief, naughtiness, spite, wickedness, evil.

The term hoax is occasionally used in reference to urban legends and rumors, but the folklorist Jan Harold Brunvand argues that most of them lack evidence of deliberate creations of falsehood and are passed along in good faith by believers or as jokes, so the term should be used for only those with a probable conscious attempt to deceive.

The event became nationally known as the Morristown UFO hoax after two residents disclosed how they had used road flares attached to balloons to create the objects seen across the area.

Three days after, Luther Blissett claimed responsibility for the hoax in a public email in which he described how easily the media could be manipulated and how this could be used for Psyops purposes.

The phrase " Gish Gallop " has come to be used as a pejorative to describe similar debate styles employed by proponents of other, usually fringe beliefs, such as homeopathy or the moon landing hoax.

" She ultimately called the murder " a hoax that that continues to be used as an excuse for passing hate crimes bills.

And so the thirty-two star seal shown during the proceedings cannot be used as evidence that the trial was a hoax.

Isaac Bickerstaff Esq was a pseudonym used by Jonathan Swift as part of a hoax to predict the death of then famous Almanac – maker and astrologer John Partridge.

The term was adopted in the 1970s from red mercuric iodide ( mercury ( II ) iodide ) as part of several hoax substances of uncertain composition purportedly used in the creation of nuclear bombs, as well as a variety of unrelated weapons systems.

Toothing was originally a hoax claim that Bluetooth-enabled mobile phones or PDAs were being used to arrange random sexual encounters, perpetrated as a prank on the media who reported it.

Poe may have used these real-life accounts in an attempt to hoax his readers into believing the novel was an autobiographical narrative by Pym.

Dialectology was used during the investigations into the Yorkshire Ripper tape hoax.

The Times reported that their activities included " posting hoax bombs to homes and offices, making threats of violence, daubing abusive graffiti on property and sending used tampons in the post.

This deadly hoax was used by the new authorities to claim that the terrorist threat really existed.

B. Lippincott, alleging that the book was a hoax, that it incorporated parts of his doctoral thesis as the theoretical basis for the cloning process, and that it had used his name without permission.

Years later, in 1845, Poe used " Al Aaraaf " to hoax members of the Boston literary circle during a reading.

The hoax has allegedly been called " a criminal act " by Arthur Vogelsang, editor of American Poetry Review, which had previously published a special supplement of Yasusada poems, including an alleged portrait of the author, but in letters to the Boston Review he denied having used the phrase ( see http :// www. bostonreview. net / BR22. 3 / Vogelsang. html ).

In 1935, Sadler concluded that the papers found in the sleeping patient's house were not a hoax, citing their " genuineness and insight ", and arguing that the sleeping man was not a medium for the dead, but was used by living beings to communicate.