Vertical integration is one method of avoiding the hold-up problem.

Moreover there are likely to be situations where a purchaser may require a particular, firm-specific investment of a supplier which would be profitable for both ; but after the investment has been made it becomes a sunk cost and the purchaser can attempt to re-negotiate the contract such that the supplier may make a loss on the investment ( this is the hold-up problem, which occurs when either party asymmetrically incurs substantial costs or benefits before being paid for or paying for them ).

Asset specificity can also apply to some extent to both physical and human capital, so that the hold-up problem can also occur with labour ( e. g. labour can threaten a strike, because of the lack of good alternative human capital ; but equally the firm can threaten to fire ).

Therefore, in a situation where a company is acquired through a strip-financed deal, and that company begins to default on loans, investors are more willing to renegotiate lending terms, thus avoiding the hold-up problem often seen in prior to and during bankruptcy.

In economics, the hold-up problem is a situation where two parties ( such as a supplier and a manufacturer or the owner of capital and workers ) may be able to work most efficiently by cooperating, but refrain from doing so due to concerns that they may give the other party increased bargaining power, and thereby reduce their own profits.

One way to avoid the hold-up problem is for the firms to merge, a tactic known as vertical integration, or to enter vertical agreements, e. g. an agreement with a non-compete clause.

A hold-up problem inherent in binary software transactions has been proposed as one of the reasons for the success of open source software.

" hold-up problem ," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition.

Several companies in Europe and Canada have developed rapid deployment fog machines for use as intrusion and hold-up security systems, intended to disorient an intruder by filling a room with fog when triggered by a panic button or other security device.

Some cards allow the player to attack ( Weapon Cards ), some provide support such as the ability to dodge an attack ( Support Cards ), giving the player the ability to perform an action such as the " hold-up " move that incapacitates enemies when the player threatens them from behind or to choke an enemy unconscious ( Action Cards ), to use items like rations or body armor ( Item Cards ), or special character cards with varying effects based on the characters they represent ( either all from Metal Gear games or other Konami games ) such as the Sniper Wolf card with gives the player 40 % more accuracy on equipped weapon for one use ( Character Cards ).

The mens rea for assault is simply " evil intent ", although this has been held to mean no more than that assault " cannot be committed accidentally or recklessly or negligently " as upheld in Lord Advocate's Reference No 2 of 1992 where it was found that a " hold-up " in a shop justified as a joke would still constitute an offence.

Manny and Rose look for three witnesses to his presence at the vacation hotel on the day of the hold-up, but two have died in the intervening months and the third can not be found.

At the time of the second hold-up, Manny had a swollen jaw-a fact which the insurance-office employee would have noticed if Manny had been the robber.

Although not a prolific goalscorer, after the diagnosis of his condition, the now healthier Evans played an important role in the Pilgrims ' recent success ; in particular his hold-up play and lay-offs created numerous goalscoring opportunities for his teammates.

Greg returned to his home after his father was killed, bringing to justice the gang of bandits who killed the sheriff during a stagecoach hold-up.

However, it turns out Chalky and Pete are trying to take down rival crime kingpin Big ( Julius Harris ) and have pinned T with the killing of one of Big's underlings who is shot during a dice game robbery ( T was present at the hold-up ).

Meanwhile, the civil engine production hold-up caused by the Vietnam War resulted in the first aircraft arriving in July rather than May 1967.

British-trained Sierra Leone naval officers interrupted the high-seas hold-up by armed men in two launches on Sunday, off the capital Freetown inside the country's 200-mile ( 320-km ) economic exclusion zone.

* Scene 3: The hold-up at Younghusband ’ s station and a bank hold – up.

French anarchist gangster Jules Bonnot used a Delaunay-Belleville for his first hold-up.

Corking allows the mass to engage in a variety of activities, such as forming a cyclone, lifting their bikes in a tradition known as a " Bike Lift " ( in Chicago this is referred to as a Chicago hold-up ), or to perform a " die-in " where riders lie on the ground with their bikes to symbolise cyclist deaths and injuries caused by automobiles, very popular in Montreal.

Of the 808 bank robbery incidents between January 1998 and May 2002 in which the number of offenders involved in the hold-up was recorded, 55 % were committed by lone offenders, 25 % by pairs, and 20 % by three or more robbers.

The first episode begins with Garrod doing a ' hold-up ' to a reckless bandit who possessed a Mobile Suit.

Later, Ock was responsible for the hold-up at OsCorp with his thugs, the Rhino, and the eight bombs Ock planted in the building.

The hold-up most clearly linked to the group was of Alexander Mitchell and Company in Lexington, Missouri, on October 30, 1866, which netted $ 2, 011. 50.

In Robbery Under Arms the coach features in a hold-up scene.

Also any lateness incurred due to a decision of the organisers or force majure ( i. e. an alteration of the route or hold-up ) is not counted against the total lateness.

The locals, lead by McIvers but egged on by Emma Small, are determined to force Vienna out of town, and the hold-up of the stage ( they suspect erroneously by " The Dancin Kid ") offers a perfect pretext.

He introduces himself as Detective-Inspector Farrell and having overheard the stories that the two told all has become clear to him and he realizes what really happened at the bazaar hold-up and that Jane is innocent.

A further problem occurs when, after hearing his partner's response, the player who bid 4NT wants to stop in 5NT — as this is a forcing bid asking for Kings.

As terms of the form λ < sub > i </ sub > – ∑ ( multiples of other eigenvalues ) occurs in the denominator of the terms for the function h, the non-resonant condition is also known as the small divisor problem.

For example, the problem of trisecting an angle with a compass and straightedge is one that naturally occurs within the theory, since the axioms refer to constructive operations that can be carried out with those tools.

The advantages of electron diffraction over X-ray crystallography are that the specimen need not be a single crystal or even a polycrystalline powder, and also that the Fourier transform reconstruction of the object's magnified structure occurs physically and thus avoids the need for solving the phase problem faced by the X-ray crystallographers after obtaining their X-ray diffraction patterns of a single crystal or polycrystalline powder.

The frame problem occurs even in very simple domains.

The cyclical majority problem occurs when voters are faced with multiple voting options but cannot choose the option they prefer most, since it ’ s not available.

A common light trespass problem occurs when a strong light enters the window of one's home from the outside, causing problems such as sleep deprivation or the blocking of an evening view.

Most congestion occurs in the Randstad, but congestion is a daily structural problem around almost all larger cities.

An additional problem occurs when light must pass through a very narrow aperture to illuminate the scene ( consider a darkened room, with a door slightly ajar leading to a brightly lit room ), or a scene in which most points do not have direct line-of-sight to any light source ( such as with ceiling-directed light fixtures or torchieres ).

A variation of self replication is of practical relevance in compiler construction, where a similar chicken and egg problem occurs as in natural self replication.

It occurs in some decision problem descriptions in theoretical computer science ( e. g. some P-complete problems ), where it is used to " artificially " decrease the run-time or space requirements of a problem.

This can result in low quality on-screen output, and the layout may sometimes change if the document is printed on a different printer ( although this problem occurs less frequently with higher resolution printers, as rounding errors are smaller ).

' Lodging ' occurs when an ear stalk falls over in the wind and rots on the ground, and heavy nitrogenous fertilization of wheat makes the grass grow taller and become more susceptible to this problem.

This has the advantage of it all being done in memory, and if a problem occurs then UpdateCancel is called and the updates are not sent to the data source

An informal fallacy is an error in reasoning that occurs due to a problem with the content, rather than mere structure, of the argument.

A problem with that analysis is that it simply cannot explain the substitution problem and lack of demand that occurs when, for instance, an understudy takes on a leading role, or a second author takes over writing a popular book series.

A similar problem occurs when accessing legislative or parliamentary sovereignty, which holds a specific legal institution to be omnipotent in legal power, and in particular such an institution's ability to regulate itself.

A similar problem occurs when the result of a parallelisable instruction is used as input for a branch.

This avoids the problem of parallax which occurs when the viewfinder or viewing lens is separated from the taking lens.

A common problem that occurs with the drive letter assignment is that the letter assigned to a network drive can interfere with the letter of a local volume ( like a newly installed CD / DVD drive or a USB stick ).

Therefore, for the purposes of locating and fixing bugs, it is vitally important to be able to retrieve and run different versions of the software to determine in which version ( s ) the problem occurs.

No such problem occurs with Euler's formula since there is no identification of different values of its exponent.

A common and troublesome problem occurs when a newly-installed program overwrites a working system DLL with an earlier, incompatible version.