It is part of the field of biomechatronics, the science of using mechanical devices with human muscle, skeleton, and nervous systems to assist or enhance motor control lost by trauma, disease, or defect.

The most important is brain disease and the effects of brain damage, covered in the human brain article because the most common diseases of the human brain either do not show up in other species, or else manifest themselves in different ways.

In biomedical research, this work can assist in finding candidates for gene alleles that can cause or influence predisposition to disease in human genetics

Thus, a robust surveillance system involving human clinicians and veterinarians may identify a bioweapons attack early in the course of an epidemic, permitting the prophylaxis of disease in the vast majority of people ( and / or animals ) exposed but not yet ill.

# Conceptual and philosophical implications regarding human responsibility, free will vis-à-vis genetic determinism, and the concepts of health and disease.

Infection in a human occurs when a person is bitten by a flea that has been infected by biting a rodent that itself has been infected by the bite of a flea carrying the disease.

The higher-level association of β sheets has been implicated in formation of the protein aggregates and fibrils observed in many human diseases, notably the amyloidoses such as Alzheimer's disease.

CJD is at times called a human form of mad cow disease ( bovine spongiform encephalopathy or BSE ) even though classic CJD is not related to BSE ; however, given that BSE is believed to be the cause of variant Creutzfeldt – Jakob ( vCJD ) disease in humans, the two are often confused.

This eliminated the human reservoir of the disease and reduced hospital admissions to 1 % or less of January 2008 levels.

Chlamydia is a major infectious cause of human genital and eye disease.

Lack of treatment of human feces and lack of treatment of drinking water greatly facilitate its spread, but bodies of water can serve as a reservoir, and seafood shipped long distances can spread the disease.

In two pioneering epidemiological field studies, he was able to demonstrate human sewage contamination was the most probable disease vector in two major epidemics in London in 1854.

It has also been alleged that the way the categories of the DSM are structured, as well as the substantial expansion of the number of categories, are representative of an increasing medicalization of human nature, which may be attributed to disease mongering by psychiatrists and pharmaceutical companies, the power and influence of the latter having grown dramatically in recent decades.

* 1979 – The eradication of the smallpox virus is certified, making smallpox the first and to date only human disease driven to extinction.

A second important aspect of the practice of endocrinology is distinguishing human variation from disease.

Attacking obligate bacterial endosymbionts may present a way to control their insect hosts, many of which are pests or carriers of human disease.

In 1766 he published a doctoral dissertation with the Latin title De planetarum influxu in corpus humanum ( On the Influence of the Planets on the Human Body ), which discussed the influence of the Moon and the planets on the human body and on disease.

Ralph L. Brinster and Richard Palmiter developed the techniques responsible for transgenic mice, rats, rabbits, sheep, and pigs in the early 1980s, and established many of the first transgenic models of human disease, including the first carcinoma caused by a transgene.

* Mammalian Genetics Unit Harwell: Mouse models for human disease

In 1972 Friedmann and Roblin authored a paper in Science titled " Gene therapy for human genetic disease?

This was the first evaluation of a lentiviral vector administered in U. S. Food and Drug Administration-approved human clinical trials for any disease.

These studies, which used adeno-associated virus, have spawned a number of new studies investigating gene therapy for human retinal disease.

For a dawning sense of illumination occurs in consequence of two events which, as so often in Malraux, suddenly confront a character with the existential question of the nature and value of human life.

AC-III occurs widely in eukaryotes and has important roles in many human tissues ( see below ).

Language learning normally occurs most intensively during human childhood.

As the Starchild's transformation of Jupiter occurs ( it becomes engulfed with monoliths ), the crew of the Leonov make good their exit, and Bowman gives one last message via HAL, warning the human race not to attempt future contact with Europa, where the new mini-sun has melted the oceans and ushered in a new era of evolution.

Natural selection occurs in modern human populations.

Acherontia atropos, the Deaths-head Hawkmoth also occurs on the island presumably feeding on members of the Solanaceae, for example, Datura innoxia and Nicotiana glauca which are common weeds in the vicinity of human habitation.

A more practical definition of the term describes it as changes occurring on geological time scales, in contrast to microevolution, which occurs on the timescale of human lifetimes.

However, more recent studies of the age of human neurons suggest that this process occurs only for a minority of cells, and the overwhelming majority of neurons comprising the neocortex were formed before birth and persist without replacement.

The learning of one's own native language, typically that of one's parents, normally occurs spontaneously in early human childhood and is biologically, socially and ecologically driven.

Finally, the complexification of human cultures, particularly language, facilitated a quickening of evolution in which cultural evolution occurs more rapidly than biological evolution.

In Buddhist tradition the process occurs across five or six realms of existence, including the human, any kind of animal and several types of supernatural being.

Bernard Beckerman defines theatre as what " occurs when one or more human beings, isolated in time and / or space, present themselves to another or others.

Tabula rasa is used by 18th century philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau in order to support his argument that warfare is an advent of society and agriculture, rather than something that occurs from the human state of nature.

Sometimes reemergence occurs because a fix gets lost through poor revision control practices ( or simple human error in revision control ).

* During the Ming Dynasty, a large failure of the harvest in Henan province, China occurs due to excessive rainfall, which drives up the price of wheat and forces many to flee their rural counties ; those who stay behind are forced to survive by eating leaves, bark, and human flesh.

Two discrete, sociological theories explain and justify gentrification as an economic process ( production-side theory ) and as a social process ( consumption-side theory ) that occurs when the suburban gentry tire of the automobile-dependent urban sprawl style of life ; thus, professionals, empty nest aged parents, and recent university graduates perceive the attractiveness of the city center — earlier abandoned during white flight — especially if the poor community possesses a transport hub and its architecture sustains the pedestrian traffic that allows the proper human relations impeded by ( sub ) urban sprawl.

This occurs throughout the human life cycle.

The user interface, in the industrial design field of human – machine interaction, is the space where interaction between humans and machines occurs.

African nations have invoked this argument with respect to slavery, other colonized peoples have invoked it with respect to the " brain drain " or " human capital flight " which occurs when the most talented individuals ( those with the most individual capital ) depart for education or opportunity to the colonizing country ( historically, Britain and France and the U. S .).

Indeed, many evolutionary biologists view domestication as a type of natural selection and adaptive change that occurs as organisms are brought under the control of human beings.

Research by NASA in the 1970s showed that this effect occurs as a result of thermal expansion of parts of the human ear around the cochlea, even at low power density.

In addition, polyploidy also occurs in some tissues of animals who are otherwise diploid, such as human muscle tissues.