However, as there are various measure of the size of a macromolecule ( for instance, the radius of gyration and the hydrodynamic radius ), a fundamental problem in the theory of SEC has been the choice of a proper molecular size parameter by which molecules of different kinds are separated.

For example, the apparent hydrodynamic radius of a typical protein domain might be 14 Å and 36 Å for the folded and unfolded forms, respectively.

GPC separates based on the size or hydrodynamic volume ( radius of gyration ) of the analytes.

Capillary electrophoresis ( CE ), also known as capillary zone electrophoresis ( CZE ), can be used to separate ionic species by their charge and frictional forces and hydrodynamic radius.

Size-exclusion chromatography ( SEC ) is also known as gel permeation chromatography ( GPC ) or gel filtration chromatography and separates molecules according to their size ( or more accurately according to their hydrodynamic diameter or hydrodynamic volume ).

* Hydraulic clutch: The driving and driven members are not in physical contact ; coupling is hydrodynamic.

This is still reflected in names of some fluid dynamics topics, like magnetohydrodynamics and hydrodynamic stability — both also applicable in, as well as being applied to, gases.

This is termed hydrodynamic lubrication.

Lubricants may contain additives known as friction modifiers that chemically bind to metal surfaces to reduce surface friction even when there is insufficient bulk lubricant present for hydrodynamic lubrication, e. g. protecting the valve train in a car engine at startup.

The time derivative is the so-called hydrodynamic derivative, i. e. the rate of increase of the velocity when moving with the fluid.

There is a propeller ( or pump jet ) at the rear and various hydrodynamic control fins as well as ballast tanks.

This phenomenon is termed cavitation and causes high speed impinging liquid jets and strong hydrodynamic shear-forces.

Around this time Erwin Madelung also developed a hydrodynamic version of Schrödinger's equation which is incorrectly considered as a basis for the density current derivation of the de Broglie – Bohm theory.

* Frictional brakes are most common and can be divided broadly into " shoe " or " pad " brakes, using an explicit wear surface, and hydrodynamic brakes, such as parachutes, which use friction in a working fluid and do not explicitly wear. Typically the term " friction brake " is used to mean pad / shoe brakes and excludes hydrodynamic brakes, even though hydrodynamic brakes use friction. Friction ( pad / shoe ) brakes are often rotating devices with a stationary pad and a rotating wear surface.

Still, the use of the hydrodynamic volume, a size based on dynamical properties, in the interpretation of SEC data is not fully understood.

This is because SEC is typically run under low flow rate conditions where hydrodynamic factor should have little effect on the separation.

Although this issue has not been fully resolved, it is likely that the mean span dimension and the hydrodynamic volume are strongly correlated.

In SEC, mass is not measured so much as the hydrodynamic volume of the polymer molecules, that is, how much space a particular polymer molecule takes up when it is in solution.

But the relationship between hydrodynamic volume and molecular weight is not the same for all polymers, so only an approximate measurement can be obtained.

The definition of absolute used here is that it does not require calibration to obtain hydrodynamic size, often referred to as hydrodynamic diameter ( D < sub > H </ sub > in units of nm ).

For a solid object moving through a fluid, the drag is the component of the net aerodynamic or hydrodynamic force acting opposite to the direction of the movement.

The clipper bow on carriers was an American peculiarity, Japanese ships did not feature it and British ships had the similar but differently-shaped " hurricane bow ," whose purpose was, like the clipper bow, to improve hydrodynamic efficiency and, unlike the clipper bow, protect the hangar deck from spray.

Instead they exhibit structures similar to hydrofoils in order to provide hydrodynamic lift.

There is a hydrodynamic effect similar to windage.

The Hydrak, used in some Mercedes-Benz vehicles between 1957 and 1961, was a similar system with a hydrodynamic torque converter in place of the Saxomat's centrifugal clutch, this H. T. C.

In order to be more hydrodynamic, people can increase the power of the strokes, or reduce water resistance, although increasing power to overcome resistance needs to increase by a factor of three to achieve the same effect as reducing resistance.

SEC can also assay protein tertiary structure, as it measures the hydrodynamic volume ( not molecular weight ), allowing folded and unfolded versions of the same protein to be distinguished.

However, the approximate molecular weight can be calculated from SEC data because the exact relationship between molecular weight and hydrodynamic volume for polystyrene can be found.

For proteins a Mark-Houwink type of calculation can be used to estimate the molecular weight from the hydrodynamic size.

It is a hydrodynamic approach, and can be useful for modelling the overall dynamics of large swarms.

In boats and ships, keel can refer to either of two parts: a structural element, or a hydrodynamic element.

Vehicles in which a hydrodynamic coupling, hydrodynamic torque multiplier or electric motor is a component of the power transmission system may also have a maximum continuous tractive effort rating, which defines the highest tractive force that can be produced while in motion for a short period of time without causing component harm.

Pacific sleeper sharks, which are also known scavengers, can glide through the water with little body movement and little hydrodynamic noise making them successful predators.

Plasma instabilities can be divided into two general groups ( 1 ) hydrodynamic instabilities ( 2 ) kinetic instabilities.

Additionally, a towing tank can be equipped with a PMM ( planar motion mechanism ) or a CPMC ( computerized planar motion carriage ) to measure the hydrodynamic forces and moments on ships or submerged objects under the influence of oblique inflow and enforced motions.

* Hydrodynamic delivery In mice and rats, but to a lesser extent in larger animals, DNA most often in plasmids, including transposons, can be delivered to the liver using hydrodynamic injection that involves infusion of a relatively large volume in the blood in less than 10 seconds ; nearly all of the DNA is expressed in the liver by this procedure.

Combined with an equation of state and an integrator, SPH can simulate hydrodynamic flows efficiently.

Over time, the accumulation of biofoulers on hulls increases both the hydrodynamic volume of a vessel and the frictional effects leading to increased drag of up to 60 % The additional drag can decrease speeds up to 10 %, which can require up to a 40 % increase in fuel to compensate.

Moreover, shallow-water effects or other the hydrodynamic forces, such as ships passing close to each other, can also be depicted.

While it has not been observed, it is theorized that an atmosphere with a high enough pressure and temperature can undergo a ' hydrodynamic escape.

It treated several problems that cannot be addressed within the framework of traditional analytic methods: billowing of fluids, rotational motion in gravitating systems, magnetic lines of force, and hydrodynamic instabilities.

It should be noted that the hydrodynamic size of the molecules or particles are measured and not their molecular weights.

An external pump or secondary bearing may be used for startup and shutdown to prevent damage to the hydrodynamic bearing.

Ice skates form a hydrodynamic fluid bearing where the skate and ice are separated by a layer of water caused by entropy ( formerly thought to be caused by pressure-induced melting ; see ice skating for details.

Benoit and co-workers proposed that the hydrodynamic volume, V < sub > η </ sub >, which is proportional to the product of and M, where is the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer in the SEC eluent, may be used as the universal calibration parameter.

Once ' grabbed ' by the wave's energy, to minimize drag and turbulence ; the body must be held rigid and still, without kicking or attempts to use the arms-or the hydrodynamic forces that make the technique possible will break down and the wave ' lost '.

Diesel engined locomotives with hydraulic transmission may be equipped for hydrodynamic braking.