It should be noted that photoluminescence, due to `` Bremsstrahlung '' generated within the viewing screen by electron impact, appears to be important only if anode voltages in excess of 30 KV are utilized.

There are several ionization methods: electron impact, chemical ionization, electrospray, fast atom bombardment, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization, and others.

In classic cathode ray tube ( CRT ) devices, the brightness of a given point over the fluorescent screen due to the impact of accelerated electrons is not proportional to the voltages applied to the electron gun control grids, but to an expansive function of that voltage.

Both heating and cooling caused by electron capture onto minor constituent elements ( such as aluminum and sodium ) prior to collapse may have a significant impact on total energy generation within the star shortly before collapse.

These angled plates ( not to be confused with the anode ) focus the electron stream onto certain spots on the anode which can withstand the heat generated by the impact of massive numbers of electrons, while also providing pentode behavior.

Brattain's advisor was John T. Tate Sr., and his thesis was on electron impact in mercury vapor.

Another critical quantity that determines yield of Auger electrons at a detector is the electron impact cross-section.

The inter-molecular transfer of energy could be primarily by elastic impact as in fluids or by free electron diffusion as in metals or phonon vibration as in insulators.

The interior surface of cold cathodes are capable of producing secondary electrons at a ratio greater than unity ( amplification ) upon electron and ion impact.

For an electron multiplication device it is given by the hole impact ionization rate divided by the electron impact ionization rate.

Electron ionization ( EI, formerly known as electron impact ) is an ionization method in which energetic electrons interact with gas phase atoms or molecules to produce ions.

To get impact ionization the electron energy must become greater than the ionization energy of the gas atoms between the plates.

With an electron multiplier an impact of a single ion starts off an electron cascade, resulting in a pulse of 10 < sup > 8 </ sup > electrons which is recorded directly.

The rhenium makes the tungsten more ductile and resistant to wear from the impact of the electron beams.

Caesium vapor is used to optimize the electrode work functions and provide an ion supply ( by surface contact ionization or electron impact ionization in a plasma ) to neutralize the electron space charge.

In passing through a field of ions with density n, an electron will have many such encounters simultaneously, with various impact parameters and directions.

He was co-discoverer of lasers using electron impact excitation in each of the noble gases, dissociative excitation transfer in the neon-oxygen laser ( the first chemical laser ), and collision excitation in several metal vapor lasers.

These results, through experiments in 1912 and 1913, were clarified and interpreted, by James Franck and Gustav Hertz, nephew of Heinrich Hertz ; for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom, Franck and Hertz were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1925.

Measurements with the electron reflectometer instrument on board the Lunar Prospector showed that this crater is one of a number of impact sites that show demagnetization.

The hills just east of downtown showcase the eroded remains of the five mile ( 8 km ) wide impact crater that was blasted into the bedrock, with the area labeled the Wetumpka crater or astrobleme (" star-wound ") for the concentric rings of fractures and zones of shattered rock can be found beneath the surface.

The impact printer uses a print head that hits the surface of the ink ribbon, which presses the ink onto the paper.

In most common usage, the term is used for the approximately circular depression in the surface of a planet, moon or other solid body in the Solar System, formed by the hypervelocity impact of a smaller body with the surface.

On other planets and moons that experience more-active surface geological processes, such as Earth, Venus, Mars, Europa, Io and Titan, visible impact craters are less common because they become eroded, buried or transformed by tectonics over time.

Although the Earth ’ s active surface processes quickly destroy the impact record, about 170 terrestrial impact craters have been identified.

In the absence of atmosphere, the impact process begins when the impactor first touches the target surface.

The work's subtitle was " An attempt to explain the former changes of the Earth's surface by reference to causes now in operation ", and this explains Lyell's impact on science.

High-speed jet of fluid impact on a fixed surface

Earthquake warning systems have been developed that can provide regional notification of an earthquake in progress, but before the ground surface has begun to move, potentially allowing people within the system's range to seek shelter before the earthquake's impact is felt.

For example, though a high speed impact with the surface of a planet or star may cause no harm to the hull, the occupants will be crushed if they are not protected by additional measures such as a stasis field or a gravity compensating field.

A meteorite is a natural object originating in outer space that survives impact with the Earth's surface.

Hypotheses for this discrepancy include the destruction of comets due to tidal stresses, impact or heating ; the loss of all volatiles, rendering some comets invisible, or the formation of a non-volatile crust on the surface.

Mars ' innermost moon Phobos is a prime example, and is expected to either impact Mars ' surface or break up into a ring within 50 million years.

The problem with running on concrete is that the body adjusts to this flat surface running and some of the muscles will become weaker, along with the added impact of running on a harder surface.

The relative density difference means that water supports the body during swimming, and therefore makes swimming low impact compared to surface activities such as running where weight is put on to the joints, and also creates resistance when moving through the water.

In this work, Bernoulli posited the argument, still used to this day, that gases consist of great numbers of molecules moving in all directions, that their impact on a surface causes the gas pressure that we feel, and that what we experience as heat is simply the kinetic energy of their motion.

In these cases the potential energy stored in multiply charged ions ( i. e., the energy necessary to produce an ion of this charge state from its neutral atom ) is liberated when the ions recombine during impact on a solid surface ( formation of hollow atoms ).

In clay-court matches, such as at the French Open, a call may be questioned by reference to the mark left by the ball's impact on the court surface.

Although the meteoroid or comet appears to have burst in the air rather than hitting the surface, this event is still referred to as an impact.

The inside facing of the tunnel is typically as smooth as possible, to reduce surface drag and turbulence that could impact the accuracy of the testing.

A burst of air is sent up from the bottom of the pool just before landing to break up the surface area of the water, thus softening the impact of the landing.

Triton is geologically active ; its surface is young and has relatively few impact craters.