While proponents may say that secrecy allows the jury to remain impartial by protecting it from undue pressure or attention, opponents contend that this prevents there from being a transparent trial.

On this account, impartial ( self-sacrificing ) behavior in particular matters may be motivated by self-interested considerations from a broader perspective.

Harsanyi claimed that his theory is indebted to Adam Smith, who equated the moral point of view with that of an impartial but sympathetic observer ; to Kant who insisted on the criterion of universality and which may also be described as a criterion of reciprocity ; to the classical utilitarians who made maximising social utility the basic criterion of morality ; and to ‘ the modern theory of rational behaviour under risk and uncertainty, usually described as Bayesian decision theory ’.

According to Durkheim, observation must be as impartial and impersonal as possible, even though a " perfectly objective observation " in this sense may never be attained.

Although the monastery of Iona belonged to the Cenél Conaill of the Northern Uí Néill, and not to Dál Riata, it had close ties to the Cenél nGabráin, ties which may make the annals less than entirely impartial.

It may be that my hostility to the rebel party, looking at their conduct since your Government was formed six years ago, disables me from taking an impartial view of this great question.

Monarchists assert that honours systems like the French Legion of Honour may not be as politically impartial as they feel that a monarch is whereas republicans have argued in the past that the association of the honours sytem with the monarchy makes it uninclusive as not everyone will agree with the monarchy.

Tawhai claimed his fellow commissioners were not impartial and had been the " very men who had created the trouble on the West Coast " ( Fox and Bell had both been Native Minister ), but he may also have been stung by Te Whiti's description of the commission as " two pākehā and a dog ".

Instead of inspiring love in ourselves, and thus sympathy, love makes the impartial spectator sensitive to the situation and emotions that may arise from the gain or loss of love.

While McCarthy may not have been impartial, neither were two of the members of the three-man subcommittee ; the chairman Senator Raymond Baldwin and Senator Lester Hunt were " determined to exonerate the Army at all costs ".

No doubt much may be said against interfering with a legal meeting ... but circumstances may arise to call for the intervention of the magistrates even on such occasions, and to be impartial, one must hear what they have to say for themselves ".

While stating re the prosecution ' no charge or specification may be referred to a general court-martial for trial until a thorough and impartial investigation of all the matters set forth therein has been made ', Article 32 currently provides no upper time limit on consequent detention of the accused before trial.

If the investigating officer is not a lawyer, he or she may seek legal advice from an impartial source, but may not obtain such advice from counsel for any party.

The Sixth Amendment calls for trial “ by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed .” Within the federal court system, Rule 18 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure specifies which federal court may hear a particular criminal case:

The syllabus serves many purposes for the students and the teacher such as ensuring a fair and impartial understanding between the instructor and students such that there is minimal confusion on policies relating to the course, setting clear expectations of material to be learned, behavior in the classroom, and effort on student's behalf to be put into the course, providing a roadmap of course organization / direction relaying the instructor's teaching philosophy to the students, and providing a marketing angle of the course such that students may choose early in the course whether the subject material is attractive.

In high-profile matters, a change of venue may occur to move a jury trial away from a location where a fair and impartial jury may not be possible due to widespread publicity about a crime and / or its defendant ( s ) to another community in order to obtain jurors who can be more objective in their duties.

Normal play Nim ( or more precisely the system of nimbers ) is fundamental to the Sprague-Grundy theorem, which essentially says that in normal play every impartial game is equivalent to a Nim heap that yields the same outcome when played in parallel with other normal play impartial games ( see disjunctive sum ).

The Association is one of the three main global accreditation bodies in business education ( see Triple Accreditation ) and styles itself " the world's impartial authority on postgraduate management education ".

Moreover, Ryti's personal political success continued even after his liberal-oriented National Progressive Party shrank to a fringe party, because he was considered an expert especially in economic policy and, very importantly, an impartial servant of the fatherland who refused to play partisan politics ( see Martti Turtola, " Risto Ryti: A Life for the Fatherland ").

# not being able to push through their own interests, as the role of Council Presidency is seen as an impartial instance ; member states trying to push for initiatives of their own national interest are likely to see them failing in the medium run ( e. g. the French 2008 Presidency and the Mediterranean Union project ), as they need consensus and do not have enough time to reach it.

Many Maori also see this proposal as a retrograde step, both by removing an impartial tribunal to which they have hitherto been able to appeal, and by cutting another link with the Crown.

Labouchère's claims to being impartial were ridiculed by his critics, including W. S. Gilbert ( who had been an object of Labouchère's theatrical criticism ) in Gilbert's comic opera His Excellency ( see illustration at right ).

In combinatorial game theory dots and boxes is very close to being an impartial game and many positions can be analyzed using Sprague – Grundy theory.

In the book Winning Ways the authors show how to treat Snakes and Ladders as an impartial game in combinatorial game theory even though it is very far from a natural fit to this category.

In combinatorial game theory, the Sprague – Grundy theorem states that every impartial game under the normal play convention is equivalent to a nimber.

In combinatorial game theory, an impartial game is a game in which the allowable moves depend only on the position and not on which of the two players is currently moving, and where the payoffs are symmetric.

The first volume introduces combinatorial game theory and its foundation in the surreal numbers ; partizan and impartial games ; Sprague – Grundy theory and misère games.

CGT arose in relation to the theory of impartial games, in which any play available to one player must be available to the other as well.

In combinatorial game theory, a game is partisan if it is not impartial.

However, the application of combinatorial game theory to partisan games allows the significance of numbers as games to be seen, in a way that is not possible with impartial games.

He had an extraordinary memory, well stored with scientific knowledge, both modern and historical, a cool and impartial judgment, and a strong preference for facts as against theory of the speculative kind.

One problem however was the seemingly unpredictabe and irrational nature of politicians, societies, and individuals, which rendered elements of the theory difficult to apply, as well as the challenge of finding accurate, impartial, and unmodified data to base concise predictions on.

He was likely not an impartial judge, having written to Coues on July 8, 1890, " I emphatically denounced and ridiculed the theory of occultism, of elementary spirits, etc., before the Theosophical Society was organized 1875, and from that time to this I have strenuously opposed Theosophy all the time.

In the Sprague-Grundy theory the minimum excluded ordinal is used to determine the nimber of an impartial game, which is a game in which either player has the same moves in each position and the last player to move wins.

The constitution provides for an independent and impartial judiciary, and, in practice, these provisions are respected.

Aggestam judges that TIPH " strives towards an impartial and balanced practice to implement the goals stipulated in the mandate.

As a pagan with no interest in Christian doctrinal issues, wishing only to restore order, Aurelian relied on the judgment of the bishops of Italy, whom he considered the most impartial among the Christians.

# that all laws looking to the enforcement of Christian morality as such shall be abrogated, and that all laws shall be conformed to the requirements of natural morality, equal rights and impartial justice ;

* Henry Wace, Dictionary of Christian Biography: as " Ursinus "; a balanced historical account, with a detailed quote from the impartial pagan historian Ammianus Marcellinus.

* A fair and impartial testimony: essayed in name of a number of ministers, elders, and Christian people of the Church of Scotland, unto the laudable principles, wrestlings and attainments of that Church ; and against the backslidings, corruptions, divisions, and prevailing evils, both of former and present times ( 1744 )

In spite of its florid style, it is of value as a record ( on the whole impartial ) of events of which he was either an eyewitness or which he had heard of first hand ( though he should be balanced with the other Greek historian for this time, John Kinnamos ).

Scotty explained that he remained a member of the Opposition to Stephen's government ( though he would of course carry out his duties in an impartial manner ), but that he had accepted the position of Speaker so that Parliament could function ( giving the Opposition a say in government ), and so that a budget could be adopted.

After Culloden he presided at the trial of the Scottish Jacobite peers, his conduct of which, though judicially impartial, was neither dignified nor generous ; and he must be held partly responsible for the severity meted out to the rebels, and especially for the executions on obsolete attainders of Charles Radclyffe and ( in 1753 ) of Archibald Cameron of Locheil.

Broad states that the Judge's summing up was considered to be at the time " deadly, absolutely against her " but he does not claim that the Judge was less than impartial, even though he resolutely argues for her innocence.

Usually though, it is assumed, that the game theorist is able to " stand outside " the different interests being studied, to view the situation objectively – in a detached, uninvolved, impartial and unbiased way.