A country may be an independent sovereign state or one that is occupied by another state, as a non-sovereign or formerly sovereign political division, or a geographic region associated with sets of previously independent or differently associated peoples with distinct political characteristics.

Ancient India represented a distinct tradition of law, and had an historically independent school of legal theory and practice.

Cultures and regions with a significant population may have their own independent celebrity systems, with distinct hierarchies.

Canada's centennial in 1967 is often seen as an important milestone in the history of Canadian patriotism, and in Canada's maturing as a distinct, independent country, after which Dominion Day became more popular with average Canadians.

Historically, different nations or regions of the world have gone through their own independent sequence of movements in culture, but as world communications have accelerated this geographical distinction has become less distinct.

A crucifix ( from Latin cruci fixus meaning "( one ) fixed to a cross ") is an independent image of Jesus on the cross with a representation of Jesus ' body, referred to in English as the corpus ( Latin for " body "), as distinct from a cross with no body.

The following languages have letters that contain diacritics that are considered independent letters distinct from those without diacritics.

This formulation, in turn, laid the groundwork for an independent view of the church as a " sacred society " distinct from civil society, which was so crucial for the development of local churches as non-established entities outside England, and gave direct rise to the Catholic Revival and disestablishmentarianism within England.

All schools of Hindu philosophy posit that consciousness ( ātman ) is distinct and independent from mind and matter ( prakṛti ).

Most English personal pronouns have five forms ; in addition to the nominative and oblique case forms, the possessive case has both a determiner form ( such as my, our ) and a distinct independent form ( such as mine, ours ) ( with the exceptions that these are not distinct for the third person singular masculine car, it is his and that the third person singular neuter it does not have the possessive independent form ); and they have a distinct reflexive or intensive form ( such as myself, ourselves ).

Some other linguists, such as Antoine Meillet, also considered Macedonian dialects as comprising an independent language group distinct from both Bulgarian and Serbian.

The UK is a unitary state formed initially by the merger of two independent kingdoms, the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland, but the Treaty of Union ( 1707 ) that set out the agreed terms has ensured the continuation of distinct features of each state, including separate legal systems and separate national churches.

Ruling from 1814 until his death in 1840, Francia succeeded almost single-handedly in building a strong, prosperous, secure, and independent nation at a time when Paraguay's continued existence as a distinct country seemed unlikely.

Thus, for Christians, Christ himself is the only high priest, and Christians have no priesthood independent or distinct from participation in the priesthood of Christ, the head of the Church.

Now, for distinct primes, these divisibility events are mutually independent because the candidate divisors are coprime ( a number is divisible by coprime divisors n and m if and only if it is divisible by nm, an event which occurs with probability 1 /( nm ).

The Judaean tetrarchy was a set of four independent and distinct states, where each tetrarch ruled a quarter of a kingdom as they saw fit, the Diocletianic tetrarchy was a college, led by a single supreme leader.

where we have used the symbol e < sub >( v, w )</ sub > to emphasize that these are taken to be linearly independent by definition for distinct ( v, w ) ∈ V × W.

The idea that Europeans " discovered " America can lead to misunderstanding the true nature of the encounter between two distinct and independent civilizations, namely European and Indigenous American.

With finite samples, approximation results measure how close a limiting distribution approaches the statistic's sample distribution: For example, with 10, 000 independent samples the normal distribution approximates ( to two digits of accuracy ) the distribution of the sample mean for many population distributions, by the Berry – Esseen theorem.

Some of the more successful approaches are principal components analysis and independent components analysis, which work well when there are no delays or echoes present ; that is, the problem is simplified a great deal.

* Strategy, including: Funding sources ( individuals, corporations, foundations, donors / governments, endowments, sales / events ) and business model ( independent research, contract work, advocacy ); The balance between research, consultancy, and advocacy ; The source of their arguments: Ideology, values or interests ; applied, empirical or synthesis research ; or theoretical or academic research ( Stephen Yeo ); The manner in which the research agenda is developed — by senior members of the think tank or by individual researchers, or by the think tank of their funders ; Their influencing approaches and tactics ( many researchers but an interesting one comes from Abelson ) and the time horizon for their strategies: long term and short term mobilisation ; Their various audiences of the think tanks ( audiences as consumers and public-this merits another blog ; soon ) ( again, many authors, but Zufeng provides a good framework for China ); and Affiliation, which refers to the issue of independence ( or autonomy ) but also includes think tanks with formal and informal links to political parties, interest groups and other political players.

The modern development of calculus is usually credited to Isaac Newton ( 1643 – 1727 ) and Gottfried Leibniz ( 1646 – 1716 ), who provided independent and unified approaches to differentiation and derivatives.

In considering the nature of reality, two broad approaches exist: the realist approach, in which there is a single objective overall space-time reality believed to exist irrespective of the perceptions of any given individual, and the idealistic approach, in which it is considered that an individual can verify nothing except their own experience of the world, and can never directly know the truth of the world independent of that.

Since that time, he has released evolving versions of two purported generalisations, following independent but complementary approaches, of his original argument.

Due to the geography in which the James River approaches Richmond from almost due west, and turns almost due south below the fall line for about before turning east again, the land within Henrico County surrounds the independent city of Richmond to the west, north, and east.

There are four general approaches to the regulation of broadband network providers vis-a-vis independent applications providers ( At present, the FCC follows the last two approaches ):

Two independent approaches have been used to estimate the year of the birth of Jesus, one by analyzing the Nativity accounts in the Gospels of Luke and Matthew along with other historical data, the other by working backwards from the estimation of the start of the ministry of Jesus.

Three independent approaches to estimating the dates of the ministry of Jesus have been proposed first by using the " fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius " in Luke 3: 1-2, second via the reference in the dispute of Jesus and the Pharisees in John 2: 20 (" Forty and six years was this temple in building, and you want to raise it up in three days?

" While the Restoration Movement developed from several independent efforts to go back to apostolic Christianity, but two groups that independently developed similar approaches to the Christian faith were particularly important to its development.

At long, the new " third parallel " will allow three independent approaches for arrivals even from the south, potentially increasing capacity by 33 percent.

The Restoration Movement developed from several independent efforts to return to apostolic Christianity, but two groups, which independently developed similar approaches to the Christian faith, were particularly important to the development of the movement.

Bolzano's notion of a limit was similar to the modern one: that a limit, rather than being a relation among infinitesimals, must instead be cast in terms of how the dependent variable approaches a definite quantity as the independent variable approaches some other definite quantity.

" Critical psychologists claim that experimental psychology approaches humans as entities independent of the cultural, economic, and historical context in which they exist.

Two independent approaches can be used to estimate the year of birth of Jesus, one based on the nativity accounts in the gospels, the other by working backwards from the date of the start of his ministry.

Three independent approaches to estimate the dates of the ministry of Jesus ( when he started calling disciples, generally considered to be after his baptism ) and are: first, the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, second: the date of the building of the Jerusalem Temple and third, the date of the death of John the Baptist.

Twigg became chairman of Progress, an independent organisation for Labour party members, and director of the Foreign Policy Centre, a think tank which develops long-term multilateral approaches to global problems.

There are two main approaches to checkpointing in such systems: coordinated checkpointing, in which all cooperating processes work together to establish coherent checkpoint ; and communication induced ( called also dependency induced ) independent checkpointing.

This means that the beam riding system is not accurate at long ranges, while SARH is largely independent of range and grows more accurate as it approaches the target, or the source of the reflected signal it listens for.

Both involve the sum of independent and identically-distributed random variables and show how the probability distribution of the sum approaches the normal distribution as the number of terms in the sum increases.

where M = δ ( cos δ )< sup >- Re s </ sup > e < sup > Im s δ </ sup > is a constant independent of u or R. Again referring to the behavior of x < sup > n </ sup > e < sup >- x </ sup > for large x, we see that the last expression approaches 0 as R increases towards ∞.

( see figure ) The effect was observed to be independent of parameters such as the system size and impurities, and in 1981, theorist Robert Laughlin proposed a theory describing the integer states in terms of a topological invariant called the Chern number.

The rise of comic book specialty stores in the late 1970s created / paralleled a dedicated market for " independent " or " alternative comics " in the U. S. The first such comics included the anthology series Star Reach, published by comic book writer Mike Friedrich from 1974 to 1979, and Harvey Pekar's American Splendor, which continued sporadic publication into the 21st century and which Shari Springer Berman and Robert Pulcini adapted into a 2003 film.

The Declaration was part of a broader diplomatic campaign which sought to assert Scotland's position as an independent kingdom, rather than being a feudal land controlled by England's Norman kings, as well as lift the excommunication of Robert the Bruce.

The Declaration made a number of much-debated rhetorical points: that Scotland had always been independent, indeed for longer than England ; that Edward I of England had unjustly attacked Scotland and perpetrated atrocities ; that Robert the Bruce had delivered the Scottish nation from this peril ; and, most controversially, that the independence of Scotland was the prerogative of the Scottish people, rather than the King of Scots.

Subsequently, the Lancaster House talks were held and Robert Mugabe was elected leader of an independent Zimbabwe at the inaugural 1980 election.

Gell-Mann and Richard Feynman, working together, along with the independent duo of George Sudarshan and Robert Marshak, were the first to discover the vector and axial vector structures of the weak interaction in physics.

Robert Yates argued: " The supreme court then have a right, independent of the legislature, to give a construction to the constitution and every part of it, and there is no power provided in this system to correct their construction or do it away.

The first three-element device ( mercury-vapor filled with a control grid ) was patented on March 4 1906 by the Austrian Robert von Lieben independent from that, on October 25 1906 Lee De Forest patented his two-element Audion.

Hootenanny was played on over two hundred radio stations across the country, with critics acclaiming the album ; The Village Voice < nowiki >'</ nowiki > s Robert Christgau deemed it " the most critically independent album of 1983 ".

The author also wrote pioneering biographies of many key fantasy writers, most as short articles, but two as full-length studies of the prominent authors Robert E. Howard and H. P. Lovecraft, the first major independent biographies of both writers.

It also contains tracks from independent industrial band Black Rain who had initially recorded a score for Robert Longo that had been rejected.

* 1989: Jack S. Kilby and Robert N. Noyce for their independent development of the monolithic integrated circuit.

In November 2007, The Post was criticized by independent journalist Robert Parry for reporting on anti-Obama chain e-mails without sufficiently emphasizing to its readers the false nature of the anonymous claims.

As to the art of Paik, Youngblood refers to works of Carolee Schneemann and Robert Whitman from the 1960s, which had been pioneering for performance art, becoming an independent artform at the beginning of the 1970s.

Labor under Curtin formed a minority government in 1941 after the crossbench consisting of two independent MPs crossed the floor in the House of Representatives, bringing down the Coalition minority government of Robert Menzies which resulted from the 1940 election – aside from the formulative early parliaments, the only other hung parliament has resulted from the 2010 election.

Eight independent infantry brigades under Rowland Hill, Ronald Fergusson, Miles Nightingall, Barnard Bowes, Catlin Craufurd, Henry Fane, Robert Anstruther and Wroth Acland formed the core of Wellesley's forces.

Robert now resolved to employ Roger's genius in reducing Sicily, which contained, besides the Muslims, numerous Greek Christians subject to Arab princes who had become all but independent of the sultan of Tunis.

Reporting to Maj. Gen. Robert Anderson in Kentucky, Thomas was assigned to training recruits and to command an independent force in the eastern half of the state.

His date of birth is unknown, but it was probably not very long after Robert was born in 1274, and he was old enough to be fighting in 1307 and to be given an independent command not long after.

In 1840, the British Government assigned Robert Hermann Schomburgk to survey and mark out the western boundary of British Guiana with newly independent Venezuela.

Robert Schomburgk's 1840 commission also included a survey of the colony's eastern boundary with the Netherlands ' colony of Suriname, now the independent nation of Suriname.

In 1838, two major armed conflicts occurred when groups of Lower Canadian Patriotes led by Robert Nelson crossed the American border in an attempt to invade Lower Canada and Upper Canada, drive the British army out and establish independent republics.

Robert Adams challenges this criticism, arguing that humans must still choose to accept or reject God's commands and rely on their independent judgement about whether or not to follow them.

In the Eon Productions series of films, M has been portrayed by three actors: Bernard Lee, Robert Brown and Judi Dench, who is the current incumbent ; in the two independent productions, M has been played by John Huston and Edward Fox.