The term " inflation " is also used to refer to the hypothesis that inflation occurred, to the theory of inflation, or to the inflationary epoch.

This inflationary pressure was to continue for the rest of the 13th century and had long-term economic consequences for England.

Monetarists argue that there was no inflationary investment boom in the 1920s.

The rationale of the program was to squeeze the built-in inflationary pressure out of the economy so that producers would begin making sensible decisions about production, pricing and investment instead of chronically overusing resources — a problem that resulted in shortages of consumer goods in the Soviet Union in the 1980s.

Since the US Federal Reserve was formed in 1913, however, the US dollar has fallen to barely a twentieth of its former value through the consistently inflationary policies of the bank.

He then details the inflationary policies of the Federal Reserve from 1921 to 1929 as evidence that the depression was essentially caused not by speculation, but by government and central bank interference in the market.

Since the company was begun during the Civil War, in an inflationary economy, when car prices tripled and quadrupled, it is possible the abrupt return to “ normal ” in 1865 may have seemed like a depression to the budding company.

Some growth was due to good management, some to inflationary re-investment, and some via legislative decisions to deposit extra income during boom years.

This in turn suggested that the short-run period was so short that it was non-existent: any effort to reduce unemployment below the NAIRU, for example, would immediately cause inflationary expectations to rise and thus imply that the policy would fail.

Similarly, built-in inflation is not simply a matter of subjective " inflationary expectations " but also reflects the fact that high inflation can gather momentum and continue beyond the time when it was started, due to the objective price / wage spiral.

A factor in the recovery from the worst periods of 1982-83 was the radical drop in oil prices due to increased production levels of the mid 1980s, which ended inflationary pressures on fuel prices.

Hoover thought it might have helped " Mexico, India, China and South America ", but Laval dismissed the silver solution as an inflationary proposition adding that " it was cheaper to inflate paper.

* infusion of federal funds into the health care system was contributing to inflationary health care costs while failing to produce an adequate supply or distribution of health resources

President John F. Kennedy was more successful in 1962 when he pressured the steel industry into reversing price increases that Kennedy considered dangerously inflationary.

In much of the region, the landed nobility was poorer than the urban patriarchs in the High Medieval money economy whose inflationary rise left land-holding aristocrats impoverished.

In the mid to late 1970s, opinion within the bank was moving toward breaking the link with sterling and devaluing the Irish currency in order to limit inflationary effects from abroad.

In standard inflation, inflationary expansion occurred while the Universe was in a false vacuum state, halting when the Universe decayed to a true vacuum state.

Morrill's tenor in office there was debate over currency being redeemed by gold rather than issuing inflationary greenback paper currency.

As the debt pile grew, it became increasingly obvious the government's structural budget deficit was simply not compatible with a low inflation fixed exchange rate – either the government had to start earning as much as it spent, or it had to start ( inflationary ) printing of money ( and thus abandoning the fixed exchange rate as it would not be able to borrow the needed amounts of US dollars to keep the exchange rate stable ).

If correct, inflation solves the horizon problem by suggesting that prior to the inflationary period the entire universe was causally connected, and it was during this period that the physical properties evened out.

A cornerstone of his political and economic strategy was the implementation by dictat of an agrarian reform program to expropriate farms and diversify land ownership, much of which had been concentrated in Haciendas ' owned by a small percentage of the population who previously had acted like feudal lords and paid starvation wages to the surrounding campesinos who worked on the haciendas ; these owners who opposed his program claimed that the expropriation was more akin to confiscation, as they were paid in non-tradable bonds that would eventually become worthless by the government's inflationary policies.

The government ran deeper into debt and was forced to devalue the currency and ran inflationary policies.

This lead the Chicago Weekly Tribune to state that the movement offered, “ an opportunity to accomplish something for the country at large — not for the farmers merely, but for all who live by their industry, as distinguished from those who live by politics, speculations and class-legislation .” Frustrated by their inability to get Democrats or Republicans to adopt inflationary monetary policy southern and western leaders of monetary reform meet in Indianapolis and proposed the creation of a new political party for currency reform.

These observations became the main ingredients of the first version of the inflationary universe theory, which was proposed by Alan Guth in 1980.

In 1983, Linde abandoned some of the key principles of old and new inflation and proposed a more general inflationary theory, chaotic inflation.

On the basis of this scenario, Linde proposed a model of a self-reproducing inflationary universe consisting of different parts.

A pocket universe is a concept in inflationary theory, proposed by Alan Guth.

Radicals proposed inflationary responses and increased government spending.

Since its introduction by Alan Guth in 1980, the inflationary paradigm has become widely accepted.

These policies dramatically reduced inflation rates in both countries ( the United States ' inflation rate fell from almost 14 % in 1980 to around 3 % in 1983 ), allowing liberalization of credit and the reduction of interest rates, which led ultimately to the inflationary economic booms of the 1980s.

Other observational and theoretical inconsistencies were resolved by inflationary cosmology first described by Alan Guth in 1980 and this ad hoc model is now incorporated in the best-supported concordance model of cosmology.

All of this cosmic evolution after the inflationary epoch can be rigorously described and modeled by the ΛCDM model of cosmology, which uses the independent frameworks of quantum mechanics and Einstein's General Relativity.

Second, because it increased the money supply, it increased inflationary pressures, a fact observed by David Hume in the 18th century.

In his Prices and Production ( 1931 ), Hayek argued that the business cycle resulted from the central bank's inflationary credit expansion and its transmission over time, leading to a capital misallocation caused by the artificially low interest rates.

Devaluation of its CFA franc by 50 % on 12 January 1994 sparked a one-time inflationary surge, to 35 %; the rate dropped to 6 % in 1996.

This inflationary environment, however, is expected to come to an end as soon as the Central Bank assumes full control of monetary policy and replaces the presently circulating currency introduced by the private sector.

In addition to explaining the forces listed in the graph, a ToE may also explain the status of at least two candidate forces suggested by modern cosmology: an inflationary force and dark energy.

Others point to a variety of factors, including the inflationary effects of the World War and supply-side shocks caused by reduced working hours after the war.

Formulated by Milton Friedman, it argues that excessive expansion of the money supply is inherently inflationary, and that monetary authorities should focus solely on maintaining price stability.

* Emperor Diocletian issues his Edict on Maximum Prices, which, rather than halting rampant inflation and stabilizing the economy, adds to inflationary pressures by flooding the economy with new coinage and by setting price limits too low.

Given the task of arresting dishonest businessmen who hoarded supplies for profit during the inflationary spiral, he attempted to assuage the business community by explaining that his team would only go after big war profiteers.

The state's role in the economy increased, reflected in the increase in state-owned property, interventionism ( including control of rents and prices ) and higher levels of public spending, mainly financed by the inflationary tax.

This is especially true if the unexpected shock is one ( like a fall in consumer confidence ) which tends to lower both output and inflation ; in that case, expanding the money supply ( lowering interest rates ) helps by increasing output while stabilizing inflation and inflationary expectations.

Other possible problems with fiscal stimulus include the time lag between the implementation of the policy and detectable effects in the economy, and inflationary effects driven by increased demand.

Economist Robert J. Gordon has called this the " Triangle Model " because it explains short-run inflationary behavior by three factors: demand inflation ( due to low unemployment ), supply-shock inflation ( gUMC ), and inflationary expectations or inertial inflation.

It started with the world energy crisis triggered by the Yom Kippur War in October 1973, which caused inflationary problems.

In the United States, the meaning of " guru " has been used to cover anyone who acquires followers, especially by exploiting their naiveté, due to the inflationary use of the term in new religious movements.

From the beginning of the 1990s, high German interest rates, set by the Bundesbank to counteract inflationary effects related to excess expenditure on German reunification, caused significant stress across the whole of the ERM.

It is alleged by some economists ( such as those of the Austrian School ) that this is inherently inflationary, causes business cycles and is inherently volatile.

As is the case in all inflationary periods, there were winners and losers created by the significant fall in currency value, with banks and creditors receiving less real value from the loans repaid by debtors.