Although trade unions in Benin represent up to 75 % of the formal workforce, the large informal economy has been noted by the International Trade Union Confederation ( ITCU ) to contain ongoing problems, including a lack of women's wage equality, the use of child labour, and the continuing issue of forced labour.

Often informal or formally intrinsic to local religious customs, this type of insurance has survived to the present day in some countries where a modern money economy with its financial instruments is not widespread.

This estimate considers people in the informal economy as employed.

This accounts for less than 14 % of official GDP figures ( and drops to 10 % when the informal economy is included in these calculations ).

Paraguay has a market economy characterized by a large informal sector.

According to the CIA and the Central Bank of Somalia, despite experiencing civil unrest, Somalia has maintained a healthy informal economy, based mainly on livestock, remittance / money transfer companies and telecommunications.

But, in the context of wide spread informal economy, formal social security arrangements are almost absent for the vast majority of the working population.

Although the country is rich in natural resources, the economy is mainly bolstered by agriculture, food processing, lumber, oil, cement, chemicals, mining, basic metals, hydropower, tourism, textile industry, migrant remittances, and the informal economy.

Due to the long period of high inflation and economic struggle faced by Bolivians in the 1980s and early 1990s, a large informal economy developed.

Iran's informal economy is also important.

The informal sector or informal economy is a broad term that refers to that part of an economy that is not taxed, monitored by any form of government, or included in any gross national product ( GNP ), unlike the formal economy.

Other terms used to refer to the informal sector can include the black market, the shadow economy, the underground economy and System D.

An alternative definition uses job security as the measure of formality, defining participants in the informal economy as those ' who do not have employment security, work security and social security .” While both of these definitions imply a lack of choice or agency in involvement with the informal economy, participation may also be driven by a wish to avoid regulation or taxation.

association by level of achievement is the dominant principle of informal relations.

the mission of the church is actually a process of informal co-optation ; ;

A trial de novo is usually available for review of informal proceedings conducted by some minor judicial tribunals in proceedings that do not provide all the procedural attributes of a formal judicial trial.

While there is no generally accepted formal definition of " algorithm ," an informal definition could be " a set of rules that precisely defines a sequence of operations.

Gurevich: "... Turing's informal argument in favor of his thesis justifies a stronger thesis: every algorithm can be simulated by a Turing machine ... according to Savage, an algorithm is a computational process defined by a Turing machine ".

The term argot is also used to refer to the informal specialized vocabulary from a particular field of study, hobby, job, sport, etc.

In this article, an informal approach is discussed.

It has been argued that the name " Titus " in 2 Corinthians and Galatians is nothing more than an informal name used by Timothy, implied already by the fact that even though both are said to be long-term close companions of Paul, they never appear in common scenes.

Some doubts have been raised about the long-term effectiveness of antipsychotics for schizophrenia, in part because two large international World Health Organization studies found individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia tend to have better long-term outcomes in developing countries ( where there is lower availability and use of antipsychotics and mental health problems are treated with more informal, community-led methods only ) than in developed countries.

In common law, black letter legal doctrine is an informal term indicating the basic principles of law generally accepted by the courts and / or embodied in the statutes of a particular jurisdiction.

While one-to-one bartering is practised between individuals and businesses on an informal basis, organized barter exchanges have developed to conduct third party bartering.

Bollywood is the informal term popularly used for the Hindi-language film industry based in Mumbai ( formerly known as Bombay ), Maharashtra, India.

Links in this article to specific axioms of set theory describe some of the relationships between the informal discussion here and the formal axiomatization of set theory, but no attempt is made to justify every statement on such a basis.

It can be done by systematically making explicit all the axioms, as in the case of the well-known book Naive Set Theory by Paul Halmos, which is actually a somewhat ( not all that ) informal presentation of the usual axiomatic Zermelo – Fraenkel set theory.

It is ' naive ' in that the language and notations are those of ordinary informal mathematics, and in that it doesn't deal with consistency or completeness of the axiom system.

However, the term naive set theory is also used in some literature to refer to the set theories studied by Frege and Cantor, rather than to the informal counterparts of modern axiomatic set theory ; care is required to tell which sense is intended.

Manufacturing output is varied but is not very extensive and is mostly conducted on a small-scale and informal basis.

This is a feature of African American Vernacular English but is also used by a variety of English speakers in informal contexts.

At least one additional, two-letter generic chemical symbol is also in informal usage, " Ln " for any lanthanide element.

This brevity gave rise to an informal abbreviation scheme sometimes called Textese, with which 10 % or more of the words in a typical SMS message are abbreviated.

These " conversations " as he called them, were more or less informal talks on a great range of topics, spiritual, aesthetic and practical, in which he emphasized the ideas of the school of American Transcendentalists led by Emerson, who was always his supporter and discreet admirer.

# Community organizations: range from informal family or kinship networks, to more formal incorporated associations, political decision making structures, economic enterprises, or professional associations at a small, national or international scale.

When informal relationships and sanctions prove insufficient to establish and maintain a desired social order, a government or a state may impose more formalized or stricter systems of social control.

The " minicomics " form, an extremely informal version of self-publishing, arose in the 1980s and became increasingly popular among artists in the 1990s, despite reaching an even more limited audience than the small press.

A more secular meaning can denote that the term Christendom refers to Christians considered as a group, the " Political Christian World ", as an informal cultural hegemony that Christianity has traditionally enjoyed in the West.

The third would be more informal ( and " je le " would be likely to be pronounced as " j ' le " or " je l " here ).

Dianics may also gather in more informal Circles.

Dennett describes himself as " an autodidact — or, more properly, the beneficiary of hundreds of hours of informal tutorials on all the fields that interest me, from some of the world's leading scientists.

While some have strong political, scholarly, or philosophical orientations, others are more informal associations of teachers and students dissatisfied with certain aspects of traditional education.

Some researchers such as Brengelman ( 1970 ), have suggested that, in addition to this marking of word origin, these spellings indicate a more formal level of style or register in a given text, although Rollins ( 2004 ) finds this point to be exaggerated as there would be many exceptions where a word with one of these spellings, such as ⟨ ph ⟩ for ( like telephone ), could occur in an informal text.

A subplot in the book is Peter Wimsey's role as an informal envoy of the British Foreign Ministry, called upon to help defuse international crises where more conventional diplomats have failed.

The much more numerous category of vici, " small towns " grew on informal plans, often round a camp or at a ford or crossroads ; some were not small, others were scarcely urban, some not even defended by a wall, the characteristic feature of a place of any importance.

After a largely informal process within elite circles in which ideas were discussed and developed, steps might be taken to institute more formal policy development.

On his return, he introduced modern facilities and replaced the rather authoritarian approach to patient care with a lot more personal and informal style that included group therapy.

( Within linguistics, " prosody " is used in a more general sense that includes not only poetical metre but also the rhythmic aspects of prose, whether formal or informal, which vary from language to language, and sometimes between poetic traditions.

" Мишенька " ( Mishen ' ka ) is a common diminutive form, " Миха " ( Mikha ) is an informal shortened form, " Мишка " ( Mishka ) is a pejorative form, and " Михайлович " ( Mikhaylovich ) is a patronymic form that can be shortened to more informal " Михалыч " ( Mikhalych ).

While Nomic is traditionally capitalized as the proper name of the game it describes, it has also sometimes been used in a more informal way as a lowercased generic term, nomic, referring to anything with Nomic-like characteristics, including games where the rules may be changed during play as well as non-gaming situations where it can be alleged that " rules lawyers " are tinkering with the process used to amend rules and policies ( in an organization or community ) in a manner akin to a game of Nomic.

Consequently, the informal names for the routes ( e. g. " Uranium Highway ") serves a somewhat more practical purpose that the RN numbers.

Nigerian GDP at purchasing power parity more than doubled from $ 170. 7 billion in 2005 to $ 413. 4 billion in 2011, although estimates of the size of the informal sector ( which is not included in official figures ) put the actual numbers closer to $ 520 billion.

Before the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, political parties were more akin to parliamentary factions, and were fluid, informal and disorganised by modern standards.