As a result, in North America, the term " black people " is not an indicator of skin color but of socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a history related to institutionalized slavery.

According to Scott Gordon, a political organization is constitutional to the extent that it " contain institutionalized mechanisms of power control for the protection of the interests and liberties of the citizenry, including those that may be in the minority.

Systems of schooling involve institutionalized teaching and learning in relation to a curriculum, which itself is established according to a predetermined purpose of the schools in the system.

Accordingly, libertarian socialists believe that " the exercise of power in any institutionalized form — whether economic, political, religious, or sexual — brutalizes both the wielder of power and the one over whom it is exercised ".

Village Voice jazz critic Gary Giddins argues that as the creation and dissemination of jazz is becoming increasingly institutionalized and dominated by major entertainment firms, jazz is facing a "... perilous future of respectability and disinterested acceptance.

Accordingly, libertarian socialists believe that " the exercise of power in any institutionalized form — whether economic, political, religious, or sexual — brutalizes both the wielder of power and the one over whom it is exercised ".

When the practice of treating certain groups preferentially, or denying rights or benefits to certain groups, based on racial characteristics is institutionalized, it is termed “ institutional racism ”.

While race is understood to be a social construct by many, most scholars agree that race has real material effects in the lives of people through institutionalized practices of preference and discrimination.

This philosophical Taoism, individualistic by nature, is not institutionalized.

The Age of Reason ; Being an Investigation of True and Fabulous Theology is a pamphlet, written by a British and American revolutionary Thomas Paine, that challenges institutionalized religion and challenges the legitimacy of the Bible, the central sacred text of Christianity.

Those who practice “ institutionalized religion ,” which is when one focuses more on the social and political aspects of religious events, are more likely to have an increase in prejudice.

The crime of apartheid is defined by the 2002 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court as inhumane acts of a character similar to other crimes against humanity " committed in the context of an institutionalized regime of systematic oppression and domination by one racial group over any other racial group or groups and committed with the intention of maintaining that regime.

Goldstone wrote that the situation in the West Bank was more complex, but that there is no attempt to maintain " an institutionalized regime of systematic oppression and domination by one racial group ", and claimed that the seemingly oppressive measures taken by Israel were taken to protect its own citizens from attacks by Palestinian militants.

Pelafina, more commonly referred to as simply " P .", is Johnny's institutionalized mother who appears in the appendix to the text.

This trend is expected to continue and an institutionalized mechanism of power transition is expected to emerge, first perhaps within the Party.

The Ray Bradbury novel Fahrenheit 451 is about a fictional future society that has institutionalized book burning.

Although thoroughly " institutionalized ," Karl is deemed fit to be released into the outside world.

Being an emerging field of research, AI science is currently a rather dispersed discipline in need of stronger, well-funded and institutionalized embedding, especially in academic teaching.

While Dubuffet's term is quite specific, the English term " outsider art " is often applied more broadly, to include certain self-taught or naïve art makers who were never institutionalized.

He believes that this fallacy is institutionalized in native culture and is committed regularly and repeatedly.

In various historical and present-day societies, institutionalized religions have established systems of earthly justice that punish crimes against the divine will and against specific devotional, organizational and other rules under specific codes, such as Roman Catholic canon law.

Since 1997 the movement in Greece has been institutionalized under the Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes.

In this form, the examinations were institutionalized during the 6th century CE, under the Sui Dynasty.

In this form, the examinations were institutionalized during the sixth century AD, under the Sui Dynasty.

A partly overlapping concept is that of folk religion referring to ethnic or regional religious customs under the umbrella of an institutionalized religion ( e. g. folk Christianity ).

After the occupation of Manchuria, under his supervision the Japanese secret service soon turned Machukuo into a vast criminal enterprise where rape, child molestation, sexual humiliation, sadism, assault and murder became institutionalized means of terrorizing and controlling Manchuria's Chinese and Russian population.

Communication is institutionalized under many different names at different universities, including " communication ", " communication studies ", " speech communication ", " rhetorical studies ", " communication sciences ", " media studies ", " communication arts ", " mass communication ", " media ecology ," and " communication and media science.

The play takes place in South Africa during apartheid era, and it depicts how institutionalized racism, bigotry or hatred can become absorbed by those who live under it.

It was fully institutionalized and endowed with a " code " in 1991 under Supreme Leader Khamenei.

" Although Indiana statute law permitted the sterilization of institutionalized persons under certain circumstances, it provided for the right to notice, the opportunity to defend and the right to appeal.

Since 1992, she has been struggling to overcome depression and anxiety, in connection with which she spent two weeks under institutionalized psychiatric care at The Priory in the early 1990s.

The abolishment of caliphate position removed the highest religious-political position at the government level, but left the Muslim brotherhoods ( Muslim associations for any purpose, working as a society of Muslim believers ) who were institutionalized under convents and dervish lodges, which were the official establishment of the extension of political power among the society without any organizing structure.

The office existed since the 5th century, but was institutionalized by law only under Emperor Justinian I ( r. 527 – 565 ).

Among many achievements, Henry institutionalized common law by creating a unified system of law " common " to the country through incorporating and elevating local custom to the national, ending local control and peculiarities, eliminating arbitrary remedies and reinstating a jury system – citizens sworn on oath to investigate reliable criminal accusations and civil claims.

They have a " professional association, cognitive base, institutionalized training, licensing, work autonomy, colleague control ... ( and ) code of ethics ," to which Larson then also adds, " high standards of professional and intellectual excellence ," ( Larson, p. 221 ) that " professions are occupations with special power and prestige ," ( Larson, p. x ) and that they comprise " an exclusive elite group ," ( Larson, p. 20 ) in all societies.

Restructuring and disciplining Yaqui society to provide economic security and military preparedness, José instituted a system of taxation, external trade control, revived the practice introduced by the Jesuits of community work on commonly held lands, and institutionalized tribal tradition of popular assemblies and decision-making bodies, all the while storing up war material.

It institutionalized continuing government influence in tribal affairs and gave outsiders considerable control over American Indian life ..

Party control over the civil administration was institutionalized, as in many cases Gauleiters also held the supreme civil administrative posts in their areas ( Reichsstatthalter or Oberpräsident ).

As Charles Tripp explains “ the officers ’ power would be institutionalized in a Revolutionary Command Council, formed from the membership of the Supreme Committee organization of eleven ranking officers who helped plan the coup, and this body would wield supreme executive power in the wake of the overthrow of the monarchy .” The capture of power by the military in 1958 greatly altered the political landscape in Iraq ’ s government as military officers gained massive control over civilian and governmental affairs.

The difference between the institutionalized children and the control group had lessened in the follow-up study three years later, although the institutionalized children continued to show significantly higher levels of indiscriminate friendliness.

After the Communist Party took control, it institutionalized many of the existing informal community mediation systems into the party-state structure.