Bakelite is used today for wire insulation, brake pads and related automotive components, and industrial electrical-related applications.

Other methods of insulating high voltage systems are ceramic or glass wire holders, gas, vacuum, and simply placing the wires with a large separation, using the air as insulation.

* Magnet wire is solid wire, usually copper, which, to allow closer winding when making electromagnetic coils, is insulated only with varnish, rather than the thicker plastic or other insulation commonly used on electrical wire.

The shellac then locks the wire turns in place, provides extra insulation and prevents movement and vibration, reducing buzz and hum.

Each card was wound with two layers of enameled nickel alloy wire with a diameter of 17 µm ( 21 µm with the enamel insulation included ) in such way that a total area of 1 cm by 1 cm was completely covered.

Further heating can physically distort the voice coil, causing scuffing, shorting due to wire insulation deterioration, or other electrical or mechanical damage.

DuPont invested S $ 1 billion, and manufactures Zytel nylon resin, a versatile engineering plastic used in automobile components, appliances, wire insulation, sporting gear and home furnishings.

* A metal tube crimped over stranded wire to secure it within a screw terminal usually with electrical insulation protecting any exposed portion of the wire not completely inside the screw terminal post.

The table below shows various data including both the resistance of the various wire gauges and the allowable current ( ampacity ) based on plastic insulation.

Turns of wire is an upper limit for wire with no insulation.

Later it was found that condensation in the pipes and poor insulation of the wires impeded the electrical current on the wires and so hanging the wire from telegraph poles became the accepted method.

Oligodendrocytes provide the same functionality as the insulation on a household electrical wire ( with the rather large difference that, while household electrical wires are in a non-conducting medium-air-the axons run in a solution of water and ions, which conducts electrical current well ).

The coil must be carefully designed to withstand ( or counteract ) magnetic pressure and Lorentz forces that could otherwise cause wire fracture or crushing of insulation between adjacent turns.

" THHN is a designation for a specific insulation material, temperature rating, and condition of use ( suitable for dry and damp locations ) for electrical wire and cable.

The NEC spends considerable time documenting safe methods of installing cable in conduit, the primary concerns being the abrading of insulation, damage to the wire or insulation caused by sharp bends, kinking, and damage due to excess pulling strain.

The stretched wire section will have a thinner cross section and higher resistance than other parts of the cable, and may have damaged insulation.

The NEC specifies measures to protect wire insulation from damage by these edges during installation and use.

Clamping and other wire protection is often not required for plastic conduit parts, as plastic is not likely to damage insulation in contact with it.

* Wire stripping, removing the insulation from the core of an electrical wire.

Fusing is a type of manufacturing process for joining or terminating electrical magnet wire, that is coated with a varnish ( film ) type insulation, to itself or some type of electrical terminal, without prior removal of the insulation.

Liquid hydrogen has extremely low density ( 14 times lower than water ) and requires extensive insulation — whilst gaseous hydrogen requires heavy tankage.

* Deeply cryogenic — must be stored at very low temperatures and thus needs heavy insulation

This is because of both the low density and the additional insulation required to minimize boiloff ( a problem which does not occur with kerosene and many other fuels ).

The boundary layer shields and the oil film act as thermal insulation, leading to a low temperature of the lubricating film ( max.

By replacing the liquid with gas it is possible to prepare aerogels, materials with exceptional properties including very low density, high specific surface areas, and excellent thermal insulation properties.

Correspondingly materials of high thermal conductivity are widely used in heat sink applications and materials of low thermal conductivity are used as thermal insulation.

On the other hand, applications in construction or furnaces use low thermal conductive materials such as polystyrene and alumina for insulation purposes.

To combat low ambient temperatures, a thick insulation is desirable to reduce conductive heat loss.

However tankage and pump weights are high due to insulation and low propellant density ; and this wipes out much of the advantage.

Heat energy dissipation may cause thermal degradation of the insulation, although the level is generally low.

For the same reason of thermal insulation, mugs are usually made of materials with low thermal conductivity, such as earthenware, bone china, porcelain or glass.

This combination of density and low pressure permits very lightweight tankage ; approximately 1 % of the contents for dense propellants and around 10 % for liquid hydrogen ( due to its low density and the mass of the required insulation ).

Reported as being ' built or converted to a very high standard of eco-friendliness, with solar panels, water butts, thermal “ skin ” insulation and sun pipes being used ' and aiming to offer 2, 3 and 4 bedroom homes with ' low running costs ', the development plan states its aim, along with that at Maine Road, as being to provide mixed type " higher specification " housing, " diversify tenure " and promote the area as a " neighbourhood of choice ".

The induction coil can be placed outside thermal insulation, so it operates at low temperature and has a long life.

Fuel Poverty results from a combination of low household income, unaffordable energy costs and inadequate thermal insulation and inefficient and uneconomic heating systems.

In 1925, German businessmen Schmidt and Dykerhoff filed for patents on reflective surfaces being used as building insulation because recent improvements in technology allowed low emissivity aluminum foil to be commercially viable.

When a radiant barrier is placed between the roofing material and the insulation on the attic floor, much of the heat radiated from the hot roof is reflected back toward the roof and the low emissivity of the underside of the radiant barrier means very little radiant heat is emitted downwards.

This, together with its good dielectric qualities and its availability as thin sheets have made it a favorite material in cryogenics, as it provides electrical insulation at low thermal gradients.

Even as a liquid, hydrogen has low density, requiring large, heavy tanks and pumps, and the extreme cold requires heavy and / or potentially dangerous tank insulation.

However, even down with a fill power as low as 550 still provides reasonably good insulation.

Glass wool is a thermal insulation that consists of intertwined and flexible glass fibers, which causes it to " package " air, resulting in a low density that can be varied through compression and binder content.

Another term is also ' withstand voltage ' where the probability of failure at a given voltage is so low it is considered, when designing insulation, that the material will not fail at this voltage.

It can also be performed for functional reasons including insulation, slip-or-grip friction, and low reflectivity.