The bomb, placed in a van on Corporation Street in the city centre, targeted the city's infrastructure and economy and caused widespread damage, estimated by insurers at £ 700 million (£ 1 billion as of 2011 ).

The bomb, placed in a van on Corporation Street in city centre, targeted the city's infrastructure and economy and caused widespread damage, estimated by insurers at £ 700 million (£ as of ).

Despite noting multiple reasons for rate increases, the report goes on to state that the " GAO found that losses on medical malpractice claims-which make up the largest part of insurers ’ costs-appear to be the primary driver of rate increases in the long run.

They are typically referred to as " admitted " insurers.

They also may not write insurance that is typically available in the admitted market, do not participate in state guarantee funds ( and therefore policyholders do not have any recourse through these funds if an insurer becomes insolvent and cannot pay claims ), may pay higher taxes, only may write coverage for a risk if it has been rejected by three different admitted insurers, and only when the insurance producer placing the business has a surplus lines license.

In some countries, insurers offer a package which may include liability and legal responsibility for injuries and property damage caused by members of the household, including pets.

While Cisco denied all allegations in the suit, on August 18, 2006, Cisco's liability insurers, its directors, and officers paid the plaintiffs US $ 91. 75 million to settle the suit.

In contrast, private insurers can turn away the worst risks and can write comprehensive insurance packages covering general liability, natural disasters, and so on.

In consequence, according to two big studies of motor vehicle accident tort claims ( not just lawsuits ), payments to lawyers equalled 47 percent of the total personal injury benefits paid by liability insurers to third-party accident victims.

If disorder does occur but is not prosecuted as rioting, it is officially called a civil disturbance, as deeming it a riot transfers the liability of insurers for any damages or injury occurring from such an event to the local police, which, as they are officers of the Crown, makes the Crown liable to pay.

The first trial resulted in a verdict on April 29, 2004, that 10 of the insurers in this group were subject to the " one occurrence " interpretation, so their liability was limited to the face value of those policies, and 3 insurers were added to the second trial group.

According to American Medical News, eight states saw two or more liability insurers raise rates by at least 30 percent in 2001.

In many states in the US, the insurers are prohibited from including conditions within their policies that seek to impose any unreasonable conditions precedent to liability, or require the insured either to take reasonable precautions or to comply with current legislation and regulations.

Third party risks include a carrier ’ s liability to a cargo-owner for damage to cargo, a ship ’ s liability after a collision, environmental pollution and war risk insurance ; ( although some marine insurers are also prepared to cover war risks ).

Of course, this rule has not stopped criminals from attempting to litigate whether particular intentional torts are not really intentional ( meaning that their liability insurers would have a duty to defend and indemnify them ).

This was followed in 2001 by additional legislation imposing penalties on noncompliant insurers.

Building societies, like mutual life insurers, arose as people clubbed together to address a common need interest ; in the case of the building societies, this was housing and members were originally both savers and borrowers.

However, evidence came to light about safety concerns with the new drug which caused some insurers to stop funding it even though marketing approval was not withdrawn.

One extensive study found that the cost paid by insurers to treat Medicare patients in their last three years of life ( the most expensive years ) was only 54 % of comparable costs in nearby clinics and hospitals.

According to his great-great-granddaughter, however, his insurers later alleged that his death was a suicide, as the bullet wound he suffered was conveyed at close range through his heart, without the bullet penetrating his outer garments.

A temporary tarmacadam runway of 910 m ( 3, 000 ft ) in length which was paid for by the plane's insurers was laid to enable the aircraft to leave five weeks later, whereas in the meantime Captain Ocaña became a local celebrity.

Also flown out was the company's BAC1-11 which was claimed by the insurers of the lessor, Court-Line, which had gone bankrupt.

Collectively, the aggregate statutory surplus of Berkshire ’ s U. S. based insurers was approximately $ 48 billion as of December 31, 2004.

It was announced that insurers of vehicles that had caused a valid claim were unable to control the costs that were applied to the claim by means of repairs, storage, vehicle hire, refferal fee's and personal injury claims.

A settlement was reached in 2007, with insurers agreeing to pay out $ 4. 55 billion, which was not as much as Silverstein sought.

After a protracted dispute with insurers over the amount of coverage available for rebuilding World Trade Center buildings 1, 2, 4 and 5, a series of court decisions determined that a maximum of $ 4. 55 billion was payable and settlements were reached with the insurers in 2007.

" Toomey was a longtime supporter of creating Medicare Part D, but said wouldn't vote for it unless it brings down costs and guarantees competition between government and private insurers.

With the cost-cutting measures so prevalent through this period, it was still necessary for insurers to find ways to distribute their products.

The difference, as far as the insurers were concerned, was in cost management.

Instead of insurers tying up resources dealing with training and human resources management, this burden was now passed directly to the agents, through their MGAs.

The damage was estimated at £ 300, 000 by insurers.

The hall was insured and the insurers paid £ 84, 000 (£ as of ) for the hall itself, £ 9, 503 (£ as of ) for other assets, and £ 6, 000 (£ as of ) for the loss of two years ' rental.

Thus Dutch insurers welcome the sick and the elderly because they are fully compensated for the higher risk profile of these clients.

As Cox ( 2006 ) demonstrates, providers cannot be adequately compensated for their insurance risks without forcing managed care organizations to become price uncompetitive vis-a-vis risk retaining insurers.

Managers aim to capture the inefficiencies arising from the heavy participation of non-economic investors ( i. e., high income " buy and hold " investors seeking tax-exempt income ) as well as the " crossover buying " arising from corporations ' or individuals ' changing income tax situations ( i. e., insurers switching their munis for corporates after a large loss as they can capture a higher after-tax yield by offsetting the taxable corporate income with underwriting losses ).

* Chief Investment Officer or CIO – high-level corporate officer responsible for the assets of an investment vehicle or investment management company and / or responsible for the asset-liability management ( ALM ) of typical large financial institutions such as insurers, banks and / or pension funds ; generally reports to the CEO or CFO.

Patients, physicians, health care providers, insurers and quality organizations regard certification as an important measure of a physician ’ s knowledge, experience and skills to provide quality health care within a given specialty.

Insurance companies in the United States and public insurers in other countries usually wait for drug use approval based on evidence-based guidelines before funding a treatment.

Where approval for a drug has been given, and subsequent evidence-based findings indicating that a drug may be less safe than originally anticipated, some insurers in the U. S. have reacted very cautiously and withdrawn funding.

The law includes health-related provisions to take effect over the next four years, including expanding Medicaid eligibility for people making up to 133 % of the federal poverty level ( FPL ), subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400 % of the FPL ($ 88, 000 for family of 4 in 2010 ) so their maximum " out-of-pocket " payment for annual premiums will be from 2 % to 9. 5 % of income, providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishing health insurance exchanges, prohibiting insurers from establishing annual coverage caps, and support for medical research.

Furthermore, health insurers are now willing to take on high risk individuals because they receive compensation for the higher risks.

# Large number of similar exposure units: Since insurance operates through pooling resources, the majority of insurance policies are provided for individual members of large classes, allowing insurers to benefit from the law of large numbers in which predicted losses are similar to the actual losses.

# Limited risk of catastrophically large losses: Insurable losses are ideally independent and non-catastrophic, meaning that the losses do not happen all at once and individual losses are not severe enough to bankrupt the insurer ; insurers may prefer to limit their exposure to a loss from a single event to some small portion of their capital base.

Capital constrains insurers ' ability to sell earthquake insurance as well as wind insurance in hurricane zones.

Such properties are generally shared among several insurers, or are insured by a single insurer who syndicates the risk into the reinsurance market.

# Contribution – insurers which have similar obligations to the insured contribute in the indemnification, according to some method.

While in theory insurers could encourage investment in loss reduction, some commentators have argued that in practice insurers had historically not aggressively pursued loss control measures-particularly to prevent disaster losses such as hurricanes-because of concerns over rate reductions and legal battles.

However, since about 1996 insurers began to take a more active role in loss mitigation, such as through building codes.

Bear markets do cause insurers to shift away from investments and to toughen up their underwriting standards, so a poor economy generally means high insurance premiums.

In managing the claims handling function, insurers seek to balance the elements of customer satisfaction, administrative handling expenses, and claims overpayment leakages.

The Financial Modernization Act of 1999, commonly referred to as " Gramm-Leach-Bliley ", established a comprehensive framework to authorize affiliations between banks, securities firms, and insurers, and once again acknowledged that states should regulate insurance.