And in the following insurgencies against other foreign colonists like America and Japan, they were again forced to use these improvised weapons with their knowledge of martial arts.

Since their formal establishment in the early 1950s, with British assistance they have twice overcome insurgencies which have threatened the integrity or social structure of the state, and more recently have contributed contingents or facilities to coalitions formed to protect the Persian Gulf states.

During the 1990s, the military regime had also had to deal with several insurgencies by tribal minorities along its borders.

) Metz suggests that contemporary insurgencies have far more complex and shifting participation than traditional wars, where discrete belligerents seek a clear strategic victory.

He covered over twenty wars and insurgencies and wrote extensively on international relations, defence and strategic problems.

The term usually excludes covert groups, such as intelligence agencies or guerrilla insurgencies, which hide their activities and memberships but maintain a public presence.

Journalists who elect to cover conflicts, whether wars between nations or insurgencies within nations, often give up any expectation of protection by government, if not giving up their rights to protection by government.

Historian Henry Commager wrote that " Even when definitions of terrorism allow for state terrorism, state actions in this area tend to be seen through the prism of war or national self-defense, not terror .” While states may accuse other states of state-sponsored terrorism when they support insurgencies, individuals who accuse their governments of terrorism are seen as radicals, because actions by legitimate governments are not generally seen as illegitimate.

Frustrated at negotiations with the Republic and believing it weakened by both the Darul Islam and Madiun insurgencies, the Dutch launched a military offensive on 19 December 1948 which it termed ' Operatie Kraai ' ( Operation Crow ).

He justified this by exaggerating threats of Communist and Muslim insurgencies ..

Victorinus spent most of his reign dealing with insurgencies and attempting to recover the Gaulish territories taken by Claudius Gothicus.

He also took drastic steps regarding the currency: In 1963, he issued a decree that 50 and 100 kyat notes would cease to be legal tender, alleging that they were subject to hoarding by black-marketeers and were also used to finance the various insurgencies.

The Zamboangueño Christian and Muslim resistance groups was found guerrilla conflicts and insurgencies in the main province of Zamboanga on 1942 to 1944 during the Japanese Occupation and helps by local troopers of the Philippine Commonwealth Army units against the Japanese.

Multiple insurgencies arose against Yang's successor Jin Shuren ( 金树仁 ) in the early 1930s throughout Xinjiang, usually led by Chinese Muslims.

Though whistled languages are not secret codes or secret languages ( with the exception of a whistled language used by ñañigos insurgencies in Cuba during Spanish occupation ), they may be used for secretive communication among outsiders or others who do not know or understand the whistled language though they may understand its spoken origin.

Rumors, as narrative IEDs, are low-cost, low-tech communication weapons that can be used by anyone to disrupt the efforts of communication, civil affairs or outreach campaigns such as those undertaken by governments in crisis response situations or militaries in insurgencies.

Such insurgencies continues until the UC 0120s, but eventually dies out and is replaced by conflicts from new-generation space warlords, such as the Crossbone Vanguard, Jupiter Empire and the Zanscare Empire.

The first years of Burmese independence were marked by successive insurgencies by the Red Flag Communists led by Thakin Soe, the White Flag Communists led by Thakin Than Tun, the Yèbaw Hpyu ( White-band PVO ) led by Bo La Yaung, a member of the Thirty Comrades, army rebels calling themselves the Revolutionary Burma Army ( RBA ) led by Communist officers Bo Zeya, Bo Yan Aung and Bo Yè Htut — all three of them members of the Thirty Comrades, Arakanese Muslims or the Mujahid, and the Karen National Union ( KNU ).

During the conflicts and insurgencies under the Japanese Occupation on 1942 to 1945, its a four year sieges by local various guerrillas and Hukbalahap communist groups was downfall the fought side by side at the town municipality in Santo Domingo has aiding by the Filipino soldiers under the Philippine Commonwealth Army units and attacking Imperial Japanese troops.

Growing out of the refugee camps to the 1990s Tuareg insurgencies, Tuareg Blues have been exported to Europe, most notably by the Malian band Tinariwen.

The continuing insurgencies, poor state of the Iraqi Army, disorganized condition of police and security forces, as well as the lack of revenue hampered their efforts to assert control.

The department has been in a state of an economic decrease since the insurgencies and coups have reduced the nation's stability.

However not all rebellions are insurgencies, as state of belligerency may exist between one or more sovereign states and rebel forces.

The state has created a " Gallantry Awards " pool for the arms forces which are awarded for elimination of insurgencies and conduction of operations.

From 1974 until 1982, different presidential administrations chose to focus on ending the persistent insurgencies that sought to undermine Colombia's traditional political system.

During the Reagan administration, conservatives also supported the so-called " Reagan Doctrine " under which the U. S., as part of a Cold War strategy, provided military and other support to guerrilla insurgencies that were fighting governments aligned with the Soviet Union.

A second source of finance is national diasporas, which can fund rebellions and insurgencies from abroad.

During his entire reign, Taylor had to fight insurgencies against his government.

The influx of Chinese arms turned the tide in Burma against the ethnic insurgencies, many of which had relied indirectly on Chinese complicity.

Niger and Mali have fought related Tuareg insurgencies in their respective northern territories in the 1990s and mid 2000s.

They've adapted to complex insurgencies, protected local populations and trained foreign security forces.

He was forced to call another one to raise money to fight insurgencies in Scotland and Ireland.

If Communists succeeded in taking over the rest of Indochina, Eisenhower argued, local groups would then have the encouragement, material support and momentum to take over Burma, Thailand, Malaya and Indonesia ; all of these countries had large popular Communist movements and insurgencies within their borders at the time.

The objective of the National Security Strategy is to create a stable situation for the world, including those countries struggling with insurgencies.

A steady arrival of Jewish immigrants from 1882 led to several peasant insurgencies, recorded from as early as 1884-1886.

Spetnaz MVD includes numerous Internal Troops ( VV ) paramilitary units intended for use to combat internal threats to the government, such as insurgencies and mutinies.

In the early years of Islam, Najd was seen as a troubled land of insurgencies because its nomadic tribes were not immediately receptive to Prophet Muhammed ’ s message.

Cuba often took positions that put it at odds with its Soviet ally, including momentary alliances with the People's Republic of China, economic reorganizations, and providing support for insurgencies in Africa and the Americas without prior approval from the Soviet Union.

It used to be particularly popular during the 1848-1849 insurgencies.

However, surface-obscured images did contribute to the collection of Mars science, including understanding of the existence of several huge high-altitude volcanoes of the Tharsis Bulge that gradually became visible as the dust storm abated.

Acknowledging the lack of progress in relation to bilateral relations and the internal situation following the position adopted in 1997, the EU adopted a step-by-step approach in 1999, whereby sanctions would be gradually lifted upon fulfillment of the four benchmarks set by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.

In following years, High Commissioners were gradually appointed, whose duties were soon recognised to be virtually identical to those of an ambassador.

The game gradually gained a following, and the Montreal Football Club was formed in 1868, the first recorded non-university football club in Canada.

The sometimes subtle differences between Eastern and Western conceptions of authority and its exercise produced a gradually widening rift between the Churches which continued with some occasional relief throughout the following centuries until the final rupture of the Great Schism ( marked by two dates: 16 July 1054, and the Council of Florence in 1439 ).

Although it had always included a euphemistic meaning for " poison " (" being given "), over the following centuries it gradually suffered a full semantic change to the sole present German meaning " poison ".

The modern interpretation, following that of Louis Duchesne, who compiled the major scholarly edition, is that the Liber Pontificalis was gradually and unsystematically compiled, and that the authorship is impossible to determine, with a few exceptions ( e. g. the biography of Pope Stephen II ( 752 – 757 ) to papal " Primicerius " Christopher ; the biographies of Pope Nicholas I and Pope Adrian II ( 867 – 872 ) to Anastasius ).

At the Battle of Durbe in 1260 a force of Samogitians and Curonians overpowered the united forces of the Livonian and Teutonic Orders ; over the following years, however, the Crusaders gradually subjugated the Curonians, and in 1267 concluded the peace treaty stipulating the obligations and the rights of their defeated rivals.

Alterations were made to St Stephen's Chapel over the following three centuries for the convenience of the lower House, gradually destroying its original mediaeval appearance.

Following the 1945 elections to the Constituent Assembly in France, which were held with a very limited franchise, the French authorities gradually extended the franchise until in November 1955 the principle of universal sufferage was passed into law and implemented the following year.

Carantania retained its internal independence until 828 when the local princes, following the anti-Frankish rebellion of Ljudevit Posavski, were deposed and gradually replaced by a Germanic ( primarily Bavarian ) ascendancy.

In 2003, following an international human rights ruling, the provincial Conservative government gradually introduced a tax credit over 5 years, ( when it would have been fully implemented it would have been worth up to 50 % of tuition to a maximum of $ 3, 500 at any independent school in Ontario ) in order to meet the human rights norms and expand funded choice to all interested parents.

In the following decades it gradually increased the size of the territories under its control, either ruling directly or indirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force of the Indian Army, 80 % of which was composed of native Indian sepoys.

Over the following centuries the three terms grotesque, moresque and arabesque were used largely interchangeably in English, French and German for styles of decoration derived at least as much from the European past as the Islamic world, with " grotesque " gradually acquiring its main modern meaning, related more to Gothic gargoyles and caricature than to either Pompeii-style Roman painting or Islamic patterns.

While in 1590 Sweden had to cede Ingria and Kexholm to Russia, and Sigismund tried to incorporate Swedish Estonia into the Duchy of Livonia, Sweden gradually expanded at the eastern Baltic during the following years.

The Triodion is used until the lights are extinguished before midnight at the Paschal Vigil, at which time it is replaced by the Pentecostarion, which begins by replacing the normal services entirely ( during Bright Week ) and gradually diminishes until the normal services resume following the Afterfeast of Pentecost.

A native Slavic-speaking Muslim community emerged and eventually became the second largest ethno-religious group ( mainly as a result of a gradually rising number of conversions to Islam ), while a significant number of Sephardi Jews arrived following their expulsion from Spain in the late 15th century.

These kingdoms gradually lost all vestiges of their independence, particularly following the Rebellion of the Seven States.

In the weeks and months following ECT these memory problems gradually improve, but some people have persistent losses, especially with bilateral ECT.

Throughout the 1970s, electro-mechanical arcade games were gradually replaced by electronic video games, following the release of Pong in 1972.

Despite this auspicious start to his career, Shearer was only eased into the first team gradually and made just ten goalless appearances for the club the following season.

However, during the following development of the Latin script that led up to the Carolingian minuscule ( 9th century ), while the use of ligatures in general diminished, the et-ligature continued to be used and gradually became more stylized and less revealing of its origin ( figures 4 – 6 ).

The nobles at first spoke solely the Grey-elven Sindarin, following a custom of the Faithful of Númenor, but with the passing of years they gradually switched to the rustic Westron, so that " at the time of the War of the Ring the Elven-tongue was known to only a small part of the peoples of Gondor, and spoken daily by fewer ".

Point-to-point construction refers to a non-automated method of construction of electronics circuits widely used before the use of printed circuit boards ( PCBs ) and automated assembly gradually became widespread following their introduction in the 1950s.

The following seasons saw the Cavaliers gradually improve their on-court performance, thanks to season-by-season additions of talented players such as Bingo Smith, Jim Chones, Jim Cleamons and Dick Snyder.

Similar programs occurred at roughly the same time in Alberta and British Columbia, with other Canadian provinces gradually following, but with their own education and certification requirements.